essay introduction for technology

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Introduction Paragraph for Technology Essay: Effective Guide

Table of Contents

The introduction is an integral part of any essay and an excellent opportunity to impact your reader. It sets the tone for the argument and gives the reader an insight into the topic. A good  introduction of essay about technology  comprises three main parts.

The hook grabs the reader’s attention and encourages them to read on. Background presents more details on the topic, and the thesis statement summarizes the essay’s central focus. 

The introduction can be challenging to write, but with some guidance, anyone can master the art of writing a compelling introduction. This guide discusses how to write an effective introductory paragraph for a technology essay.

What is A Technology Essay?

Technology has a significant impact on our society. Its numerous benefits have become a vital part of our life. It has improved and is still improving the efficiency of medicine, transportation, education, entertainment, and more. Technology also impacts social interaction; you can easily find lost friends on social networks. 

A technology essay discusses a technological phenomenon or technological advancement. It could also discuss a personal experience related to a technological issue. Depending on your professor’s instructions, a technology essay could be argumentative, informative, persuasive, or otherwise.

How to Write An Introduction Paragraph For Technology Essay

Like other essays, a technology essay comprises three main parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The introduction provides the reader with an overview of the argument you’ll develop in the body of your essay.

Body of the paper is where you discuss the details of the argument. The conclusion represents the logical ending you reach regarding the idea presented in the essay’s body.

The introduction paragraph of a technology essay should provide context for the technological trends you address and the argument you develop. It should include a hook that will pull the reader in and keep him/her interested.

Here’s how to write a good introduction paragraph .

1. Hook the reader

The essay’s opening sentence sets the tone for the entire piece; it should intrigue the readers and pull them in. Begin with a hook that will grab the reader’s attention, hold their interest and make them want to read the rest of your work.

The hook should be exciting and lead the reader into the essay, giving them an idea of the topic you’re writing about. It should also be clear, catchy, and concise and spark the reader’s curiosity. Here’s how you can grab the attention of your audience.

• Present a shocking statistic or fact.
• Offer an anecdote or a relevant example.
• Ask a thoughtful rhetorical question.

2. Create Context and Provide Background

Now that you have the reader’s attention, provide details on your topic. The next two to three sentences you make should explain how the hook connects to the rest of the essay.

Provide necessary background information to help the readers better understand your argument and the points you intend to make. If you include key terms that may be wrongly interpreted, let your readers know what the term means in your essay.

3. Present Your Thesis

A thesis is the pivot point of your paper, and the single most important idea that you convey in your work. Present the main points you intend to make throughout your essay.

Provide your readers with a roadmap of what you’ll cover in the rest of the paper to support your thesis statement. The last sentence of your introduction should allow smooth transition into the body of the essay.

Introduction of Essay About Technology

Technology has made our lives more comfortable. The products we use, our lifestyle, and our society are products of technology. Without technological advancements, the world would be different and most likely unrecognizable to us. Today, technology extends to every part of our life. Experts, business entrepreneurs, and non-professionals use technology to expand their livelihoods. However, with the good comes bad. Technology, quite frankly, harms society. Pollution, cybercrime, and war are only a few of the effects of technology on society. But does the good outweigh the bad? 

Technology has impacted modern life immensely. It has drastically changed our world. We now travel in planes and cars and have better health facilities and education. We also have ways to communicate with people worldwide in seconds. However, these increased levels of technology did not come about by accident. It resulted from planned and systematic research by a group of people. 

Technology is giving us a new shape. We’ve made more progress in the last 200 years than in the previous 20000 years. Earth has become a global village where most countries and people can connect through the internet, but it has some deadly consequences. Many countries have nuclear weapons, global warming and growing Co2 emissions threaten the existence of the whole population.

With the advent of technology, we are making such amazing developments that couldn’t even be imagined 100 or 200 years ago. We’ve found cures for deadly diseases, we’re constantly working on education, and most people have freedom to express themselves. Science has made huge leaps, but at the same time new diseases, deadlier than before, kill millions of people every year.

Technology is the application of information for building and developing devices and equipment that can be used in diverse ways. We live a very active day-to-day life with technology today. While technology has done a lot to make life easier for everyone, it has also had a few adverse effects that can’t be ignored. Here’s a look at how technology has affected our lives and how we can balance it to overcome it.

Example 6 

Technology has changed society drastically. Before modern technology came along, life was too hard, and everyday chores took up a lot of time. We’re getting many opportunities out of technologies that play a significant role in our lives. Access to medicine, education, industry, and transportation is easier. Our lives have changed dramatically. 

A technology essay can be tricky to write, but a good essay introduction paragraph is key to the successful execution of your topic .

The introduction to a technology essay must be clear, concise, and persuasive to draw the reader in. It should establish the topic and provide as much detail as possible to help readers understand and empathize with the topic. This guide on introduction of essay about technology would help you write a gripping essay introduction.

Abir Ghenaiet

Abir is a data analyst and researcher. Among her interests are artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing. As a humanitarian and educator, she actively supports women in tech and promotes diversity.

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Essay on Technology

Here we have shared the Essay on Technology in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Technology in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams. 

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on Technology in 150-250 words

• Essay on Technology in 300-400 words

Essay on Technology in 500-1000 words

Technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and communicate. It encompasses a wide range of tools, devices, and systems that enhance productivity, efficiency, and convenience. From smartphones and computers to advanced medical equipment and smart home devices, technology has transformed every aspect of our world.

The impact of technology is evident in various sectors, including education, healthcare, transportation, and communication. It has improved access to information, enabling faster and more efficient learning. In healthcare, technology has revolutionized diagnosis, treatment, and patient care, saving lives and improving outcomes. Transportation has become more efficient and safer with the advent of smart vehicles and navigation systems. Communication has transcended physical boundaries, connecting people across the globe instantly.

While technology brings numerous benefits, it also presents challenges. Concerns about privacy, cybersecurity, and the impact of technology on employment and social interactions have emerged. It is essential to harness technology responsibly and ethically to mitigate these challenges.

In conclusion, technology has transformed our lives, providing us with unprecedented convenience, efficiency, and connectivity. It continues to evolve and shape the world around us. As we embrace technology, we must also navigate the associated challenges and ensure that it is utilized for the betterment of society. The responsible and ethical use of technology is key to harnessing its full potential and creating a positive impact on individuals and communities.

Essay on Technology in 300-450 words

Technology has become an inseparable part of our modern lives, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and communicate. It encompasses a vast array of tools, systems, and devices that have transformed every aspect of our world. From smartphones and computers to artificial intelligence and advanced robotics, technology has brought about significant advancements and improvements in various fields.

One of the most significant impacts of technology is in the realm of communication. The advent of the internet and social media platforms has connected people from all corners of the world, enabling instant communication and global collaboration. The ability to share information, ideas, and experiences has fostered cultural exchange, expanded educational opportunities, and promoted social interactions on an unprecedented scale.

Technology has also revolutionized the business world, enhancing efficiency, productivity, and profitability. Automation and digitalization have streamlined processes, increased accuracy, and reduced human error. Organizations can now analyze vast amounts of data to make informed decisions, target specific markets, and personalize customer experiences. E-commerce platforms have opened new avenues for entrepreneurs and small businesses to reach a global customer base.

Education has also been greatly influenced by technology. Digital learning tools and online platforms have expanded access to education, making it more inclusive and flexible. Students can now engage in interactive and personalized learning experiences, access a wealth of educational resources, and collaborate with peers from around the world. Virtual reality and augmented reality technologies have also transformed the way we perceive and engage with educational content, bringing subjects to life and making learning more immersive and interactive.

The healthcare sector has witnessed remarkable advancements with the aid of technology. Medical devices, imaging technologies, and telemedicine have improved diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Electronic health records and data analytics have enhanced efficiency and accuracy in medical processes. Moreover, wearable devices and mobile applications have enabled individuals to monitor their health, promote wellness, and access medical information easily.

While technology brings numerous benefits, it also poses challenges and concerns. Privacy and security issues have become more prevalent, as personal data is increasingly stored and shared digitally. The rapid pace of technological advancements has also raised concerns about job displacement and the widening digital divide. Moreover, over-reliance on technology can lead to sedentary lifestyles, social isolation, and addiction.

In conclusion, technology has become an integral part of our society, transforming the way we live, work, and communicate. It has brought numerous advancements and benefits across various sectors, enhancing efficiency, connectivity, and accessibility. However, it is crucial to address the challenges associated with technology, such as privacy and security concerns, job displacement, and the need for digital literacy. By harnessing technology responsibly and ethically, we can ensure that it continues to bring positive changes and improves the lives of individuals and communities around the world.

Title: Technology – The Evolution and Impact on Society

Introduction :

Technology has become an integral part of our modern lives, permeating every aspect of society. From communication and transportation to education and healthcare, technology has revolutionized the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. This essay explores the evolution of technology, its impact on various sectors, and the challenges and opportunities it presents.

Evolution of Technology

The journey of technology can be traced back to the early inventions of the wheel, the printing press, and the steam engine. However, the rapid advancement of technology in the 20th and 21st centuries has transformed the world at an unprecedented pace. The invention of computers, the internet, and mobile devices have laid the foundation for the digital age we live in today.

The Impact of Technology on Communication

Technology has revolutionized communication, making the world more interconnected than ever before. The advent of the internet and social media platforms has transformed the way we communicate, allowing for instant global connectivity. Individuals can connect with friends, family, and colleagues across the globe through video calls, messaging apps, and social networks. Moreover, technology has facilitated the exchange of information and ideas on a global scale, fostering cultural exchange, promoting social activism, and increasing awareness of global issues.

Impact on Education

Technology has reshaped the landscape of education, providing new opportunities for learning and knowledge sharing. Digital learning tools, online platforms, and educational apps have expanded access to education, making it more flexible and inclusive. Students can engage in interactive and personalized learning experiences, access a wealth of educational resources, and collaborate with peers from different backgrounds. Additionally, technology has enabled remote learning, allowing individuals to pursue education regardless of geographical constraints. Virtual reality and augmented reality technologies have also enhanced the learning experience, bringing subjects to life and making education more immersive and engaging.

Impact on Healthcare

The healthcare sector has experienced significant advancements with the aid of technology. Medical devices, imaging technologies, and telemedicine have revolutionized diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Electronic health records and data analytics have improved efficiency and accuracy in medical processes. Moreover, wearable devices and mobile applications have empowered individuals to monitor their health, promote wellness, and access medical information easily. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning has the potential to revolutionize healthcare further, enabling predictive analytics, personalized medicine, and improved patient outcomes.

Challenges and Concerns

Despite the numerous benefits of technology, it also poses challenges and concerns. Privacy and security issues have become more prevalent as personal data is increasingly stored and shared digitally. Cyberattacks, data breaches, and identity theft are growing concerns. The rapid pace of technological advancements also raises concerns about job displacement and the widening digital divide. As automation and artificial intelligence continue to advance, certain job roles may become obsolete, impacting employment rates and economic inequality. Additionally, over-reliance on technology can lead to sedentary lifestyles, social isolation, and addiction. Striking a balance between utilizing technology for its benefits while mitigating its negative impacts is crucial.

Conclusion :

Technology has transformed society, bringing unprecedented advancements and opportunities. It has revolutionized communication, education, healthcare, and various other sectors. However, it is essential to address the challenges and concerns associated with technology, such as privacy, job displacement, and the need for digital literacy. By harnessing technology responsibly and ethically, we can ensure that it continues to bring positive changes and improve the lives of individuals and communities worldwide. Technology should be seen as a tool to enhance human capabilities and foster human connections, while always striving for a balance between innovation and the preservation of humanity’s core values.

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200-500 Word Example Essays about Technology

Got an essay assignment about technology check out these examples to inspire you.

Technology is a rapidly evolving field that has completely changed the way we live, work, and interact with one another. Technology has profoundly impacted our daily lives, from how we communicate with friends and family to how we access information and complete tasks. As a result, it's no surprise that technology is a popular topic for students writing essays.

But writing a technology essay can be challenging, especially for those needing more time or help with writer's block. This is where Jenni.ai comes in. Jenni.ai is an innovative AI tool explicitly designed for students who need help writing essays. With Jenni.ai, students can quickly and easily generate essays on various topics, including technology.

This blog post aims to provide readers with various example essays on technology, all generated by Jenni.ai. These essays will be a valuable resource for students looking for inspiration or guidance as they work on their essays. By reading through these example essays, students can better understand how technology can be approached and discussed in an essay.

Moreover, by signing up for a free trial with Jenni.ai, students can take advantage of this innovative tool and receive even more support as they work on their essays. Jenni.ai is designed to help students write essays faster and more efficiently, so they can focus on what truly matters – learning and growing as a student. Whether you're a student who is struggling with writer's block or simply looking for a convenient way to generate essays on a wide range of topics, Jenni.ai is the perfect solution.

The Impact of Technology on Society and Culture

Introduction:.

Technology has become an integral part of our daily lives and has dramatically impacted how we interact, communicate, and carry out various activities. Technological advancements have brought positive and negative changes to society and culture. In this article, we will explore the impact of technology on society and culture and how it has influenced different aspects of our lives.

Positive impact on communication:

Technology has dramatically improved communication and made it easier for people to connect from anywhere in the world. Social media platforms, instant messaging, and video conferencing have brought people closer, bridging geographical distances and cultural differences. This has made it easier for people to share information, exchange ideas, and collaborate on projects.

Positive impact on education:

Students and instructors now have access to a multitude of knowledge and resources because of the effect of technology on education . Students may now study at their speed and from any location thanks to online learning platforms, educational applications, and digital textbooks.

Negative impact on critical thinking and creativity:

Technological advancements have resulted in a reduction in critical thinking and creativity. With so much information at our fingertips, individuals have become more passive in their learning, relying on the internet for solutions rather than logic and inventiveness. As a result, independent thinking and problem-solving abilities have declined.

Positive impact on entertainment:

Technology has transformed how we access and consume entertainment. People may now access a wide range of entertainment alternatives from the comfort of their own homes thanks to streaming services, gaming platforms, and online content makers. The entertainment business has entered a new age of creativity and invention as a result of this.

Negative impact on attention span:

However, the continual bombardment of information and technological stimulation has also reduced attention span and the capacity to focus. People are easily distracted and need help focusing on a single activity for a long time. This has hampered productivity and the ability to accomplish duties.

The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies has been one of the most significant technological developments of the past several decades. These cutting-edge technologies have the potential to alter several sectors of society, including commerce, industry, healthcare, and entertainment. 

As with any new and quickly advancing technology, AI and ML ethics must be carefully studied. The usage of these technologies presents significant concerns around privacy, accountability, and command. As the use of AI and ML grows more ubiquitous, we must assess their possible influence on society and investigate the ethical issues that must be taken into account as these technologies continue to develop.

What are Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning?

Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence in machines designed to think and act like humans. Machine learning is a subfield of AI that enables computers to learn from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed.

The impact of AI and ML on Society

The use of AI and ML in various industries, such as healthcare, finance, and retail, has brought many benefits. For example, AI-powered medical diagnosis systems can identify diseases faster and more accurately than human doctors. However, there are also concerns about job displacement and the potential for AI to perpetuate societal biases.

The Ethical Considerations of AI and ML

A. Bias in AI algorithms

One of the critical ethical concerns about AI and ML is the potential for algorithms to perpetuate existing biases. This can occur if the data used to train these algorithms reflects the preferences of the people who created it. As a result, AI systems can perpetuate these biases and discriminate against certain groups of people.

B. Responsibility for AI-generated decisions

Another ethical concern is the responsibility for decisions made by AI systems. For example, who is responsible for the damage if a self-driving car causes an accident? The manufacturer of the vehicle, the software developer, or the AI algorithm itself?

C. The potential for misuse of AI and ML

AI and ML can also be used for malicious purposes, such as cyberattacks and misinformation. The need for more regulation and oversight in developing and using these technologies makes it difficult to prevent misuse.

The developments in AI and ML have given numerous benefits to humanity, but they also present significant ethical concerns that must be addressed. We must assess the repercussions of new technologies on society, implement methods to limit the associated dangers, and guarantee that they are utilized for the greater good. As AI and ML continue to play an ever-increasing role in our daily lives, we must engage in an open and frank discussion regarding their ethics.

The Future of Work And Automation

Rapid technological breakthroughs in recent years have brought about considerable changes in our way of life and work. Concerns regarding the influence of artificial intelligence and machine learning on the future of work and employment have increased alongside the development of these technologies. This article will examine the possible advantages and disadvantages of automation and its influence on the labor market, employees, and the economy.

The Advantages of Automation

Automation in the workplace offers various benefits, including higher efficiency and production, fewer mistakes, and enhanced precision. Automated processes may accomplish repetitive jobs quickly and precisely, allowing employees to concentrate on more complex and creative activities. Additionally, automation may save organizations money since it removes the need to pay for labor and minimizes the danger of workplace accidents.

The Potential Disadvantages of Automation

However, automation has significant disadvantages, including job loss and income stagnation. As robots and computers replace human labor in particular industries, there is a danger that many workers may lose their jobs, resulting in higher unemployment and more significant economic disparity. Moreover, if automation is not adequately regulated and managed, it might lead to stagnant wages and a deterioration in employees' standard of life.

The Future of Work and Automation

Despite these difficulties, automation will likely influence how labor is done. As a result, firms, employees, and governments must take early measures to solve possible issues and reap the rewards of automation. This might entail funding worker retraining programs, enhancing education and skill development, and implementing regulations that support equality and justice at work.

IV. The Need for Ethical Considerations

We must consider the ethical ramifications of automation and its effects on society as technology develops. The impact on employees and their rights, possible hazards to privacy and security, and the duty of corporations and governments to ensure that automation is utilized responsibly and ethically are all factors to be taken into account.

Conclusion:

To summarise, the future of employment and automation will most certainly be defined by a complex interaction of technological advances, economic trends, and cultural ideals. All stakeholders must work together to handle the problems and possibilities presented by automation and ensure that technology is employed to benefit society as a whole.

The Role of Technology in Education

Introduction.

Nearly every part of our lives has been transformed by technology, and education is no different. Today's students have greater access to knowledge, opportunities, and resources than ever before, and technology is becoming a more significant part of their educational experience. Technology is transforming how we think about education and creating new opportunities for learners of all ages, from online courses and virtual classrooms to instructional applications and augmented reality.

Technology's Benefits for Education

The capacity to tailor learning is one of technology's most significant benefits in education. Students may customize their education to meet their unique needs and interests since they can access online information and tools. 

For instance, people can enroll in online classes on topics they are interested in, get tailored feedback on their work, and engage in virtual discussions with peers and subject matter experts worldwide. As a result, pupils are better able to acquire and develop the abilities and information necessary for success.

Challenges and Concerns

Despite the numerous advantages of technology in education, there are also obstacles and considerations to consider. One issue is the growing reliance on technology and the possibility that pupils would become overly dependent on it. This might result in a lack of critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, as students may become passive learners who only follow instructions and rely on technology to complete their assignments.

Another obstacle is the digital divide between those who have access to technology and those who do not. This division can exacerbate the achievement gap between pupils and produce uneven educational and professional growth chances. To reduce these consequences, all students must have access to the technology and resources necessary for success.

In conclusion, technology is rapidly becoming an integral part of the classroom experience and has the potential to alter the way we learn radically. 

Technology can help students flourish and realize their full potential by giving them access to individualized instruction, tools, and opportunities. While the benefits of technology in the classroom are undeniable, it's crucial to be mindful of the risks and take precautions to guarantee that all kids have access to the tools they need to thrive.

The Influence of Technology On Personal Relationships And Communication 

Technological advancements have profoundly altered how individuals connect and exchange information. It has changed the world in many ways in only a few decades. Because of the rise of the internet and various social media sites, maintaining relationships with people from all walks of life is now simpler than ever. 

However, concerns about how these developments may affect interpersonal connections and dialogue are inevitable in an era of rapid technological growth. In this piece, we'll discuss how the prevalence of digital media has altered our interpersonal connections and the language we use to express ourselves.

Direct Effect on Direct Interaction:

The disruption of face-to-face communication is a particularly stark example of how technology has impacted human connections. The quality of interpersonal connections has suffered due to people's growing preference for digital over human communication. Technology has been demonstrated to reduce the usage of nonverbal signs such as facial expressions, tone of voice, and other indicators of emotional investment in the connection.

Positive Impact on Long-Distance Relationships:

Yet there are positives to be found as well. Long-distance relationships have also benefited from technological advancements. The development of technologies such as video conferencing, instant messaging, and social media has made it possible for individuals to keep in touch with distant loved ones. It has become simpler for individuals to stay in touch and feel connected despite geographical distance.

The Effects of Social Media on Personal Connections:

The widespread use of social media has had far-reaching consequences, especially on the quality of interpersonal interactions. Social media has positive and harmful effects on relationships since it allows people to keep in touch and share life's milestones.

Unfortunately, social media has made it all too easy to compare oneself to others, which may lead to emotions of jealousy and a general decline in confidence. Furthermore, social media might cause people to have inflated expectations of themselves and their relationships.

A Personal Perspective on the Intersection of Technology and Romance

Technological advancements have also altered physical touch and closeness. Virtual reality and other technologies have allowed people to feel physical contact and familiarity in a digital setting. This might be a promising breakthrough, but it has some potential downsides. 

Experts are concerned that people's growing dependence on technology for intimacy may lead to less time spent communicating face-to-face and less emphasis on physical contact, both of which are important for maintaining good relationships.

In conclusion, technological advancements have significantly affected the quality of interpersonal connections and the exchange of information. Even though technology has made it simpler to maintain personal relationships, it has chilled interpersonal interactions between people. 

Keeping tabs on how technology is changing our lives and making adjustments as necessary is essential as we move forward. Boundaries and prioritizing in-person conversation and physical touch in close relationships may help reduce the harm it causes.

The Security and Privacy Implications of Increased Technology Use and Data Collection

The fast development of technology over the past few decades has made its way into every aspect of our life. Technology has improved many facets of our life, from communication to commerce. However, significant privacy and security problems have emerged due to the broad adoption of technology. In this essay, we'll look at how the widespread use of technological solutions and the subsequent explosion in collected data affects our right to privacy and security.

Data Mining and Privacy Concerns

Risk of Cyber Attacks and Data Loss

The Widespread Use of Encryption and Other Safety Mechanisms

The Privacy and Security of the Future in a Globalized Information Age

Obtaining and Using Individual Information

The acquisition and use of private information is a significant cause for privacy alarm in the digital age. Data about their customers' online habits, interests, and personal information is a valuable commodity for many internet firms. Besides tailored advertising, this information may be used for other, less desirable things like identity theft or cyber assaults.

Moreover, many individuals need to be made aware of what data is being gathered from them or how it is being utilized because of the lack of transparency around gathering personal information. Privacy and data security have become increasingly contentious as a result.

Data breaches and other forms of cyber-attack pose a severe risk.

The risk of cyber assaults and data breaches is another big issue of worry. More people are using more devices, which means more opportunities for cybercriminals to steal private information like credit card numbers and other identifying data. This may cause monetary damages and harm one's reputation or identity.

Many high-profile data breaches have occurred in recent years, exposing the personal information of millions of individuals and raising serious concerns about the safety of this information. Companies and governments have responded to this problem by adopting new security methods like encryption and multi-factor authentication.

Many businesses now use encryption and other security measures to protect themselves from cybercriminals and data thieves. Encryption keeps sensitive information hidden by encoding it so that only those possessing the corresponding key can decipher it. This prevents private information like bank account numbers or social security numbers from falling into the wrong hands.

Firewalls, virus scanners, and two-factor authentication are all additional security precautions that may be used with encryption. While these safeguards do much to stave against cyber assaults, they are not entirely impregnable, and data breaches are still possible.

The Future of Privacy and Security in a Technologically Advanced World

There's little doubt that concerns about privacy and security will persist even as technology improves. There must be strict safeguards to secure people's private information as more and more of it is transferred and kept digitally. To achieve this goal, it may be necessary to implement novel technologies and heightened levels of protection and to revise the rules and regulations regulating the collection and storage of private information.

Individuals and businesses are understandably concerned about the security and privacy consequences of widespread technological use and data collecting. There are numerous obstacles to overcome in a society where technology plays an increasingly important role, from acquiring and using personal data to the risk of cyber-attacks and data breaches. Companies and governments must keep spending money on security measures and working to educate people about the significance of privacy and security if personal data is to remain safe.

In conclusion, technology has profoundly impacted virtually every aspect of our lives, including society and culture, ethics, work, education, personal relationships, and security and privacy. The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning has presented new ethical considerations, while automation is transforming the future of work. 

In education, technology has revolutionized the way we learn and access information. At the same time, our dependence on technology has brought new challenges in terms of personal relationships, communication, security, and privacy.

Jenni.ai is an AI tool that can help students write essays easily and quickly. Whether you're looking, for example, for essays on any of these topics or are seeking assistance in writing your essay, Jenni.ai offers a convenient solution. Sign up for a free trial today and experience the benefits of AI-powered writing assistance for yourself.

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• Technology Essay

Essay on Technology

The word "technology" and its uses have immensely changed since the 20th century, and with time, it has continued to evolve ever since. We are living in a world driven by technology. The advancement of technology has played an important role in the development of human civilization, along with cultural changes. Technology provides innovative ways of doing work through various smart and innovative means. 

Electronic appliances, gadgets, faster modes of communication, and transport have added to the comfort factor in our lives. It has helped in improving the productivity of individuals and different business enterprises. Technology has brought a revolution in many operational fields. It has undoubtedly made a very important contribution to the progress that mankind has made over the years.

The Advancement of Technology:

Technology has reduced the effort and time and increased the efficiency of the production requirements in every field. It has made our lives easy, comfortable, healthy, and enjoyable. It has brought a revolution in transport and communication. The advancement of technology, along with science, has helped us to become self-reliant in all spheres of life. With the innovation of a particular technology, it becomes part of society and integral to human lives after a point in time.

Technology is Our Part of Life:

Technology has changed our day-to-day lives. Technology has brought the world closer and better connected. Those days have passed when only the rich could afford such luxuries. Because of the rise of globalisation and liberalisation, all luxuries are now within the reach of the average person. Today, an average middle-class family can afford a mobile phone, a television, a washing machine, a refrigerator, a computer, the Internet, etc. At the touch of a switch, a man can witness any event that is happening in far-off places.  

Benefits of Technology in All Fields: 

We cannot escape technology; it has improved the quality of life and brought about revolutions in various fields of modern-day society, be it communication, transportation, education, healthcare, and many more. Let us learn about it.

Technology in Communication:

With the advent of technology in communication, which includes telephones, fax machines, cellular phones, the Internet, multimedia, and email, communication has become much faster and easier. It has transformed and influenced relationships in many ways. We no longer need to rely on sending physical letters and waiting for several days for a response. Technology has made communication so simple that you can connect with anyone from anywhere by calling them via mobile phone or messaging them using different messaging apps that are easy to download.

Innovation in communication technology has had an immense influence on social life. Human socialising has become easier by using social networking sites, dating, and even matrimonial services available on mobile applications and websites.

Today, the Internet is used for shopping, paying utility bills, credit card bills, admission fees, e-commerce, and online banking. In the world of marketing, many companies are marketing and selling their products and creating brands over the internet. 

In the field of travel, cities, towns, states, and countries are using the web to post detailed tourist and event information. Travellers across the globe can easily find information on tourism, sightseeing, places to stay, weather, maps, timings for events, transportation schedules, and buy tickets to various tourist spots and destinations.

Technology in the Office or Workplace:

Technology has increased efficiency and flexibility in the workspace. Technology has made it easy to work remotely, which has increased the productivity of the employees. External and internal communication has become faster through emails and apps. Automation has saved time, and there is also a reduction in redundancy in tasks. Robots are now being used to manufacture products that consistently deliver the same product without defect until the robot itself fails. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning technology are innovations that are being deployed across industries to reap benefits.

Technology has wiped out the manual way of storing files. Now files are stored in the cloud, which can be accessed at any time and from anywhere. With technology, companies can make quick decisions, act faster towards solutions, and remain adaptable. Technology has optimised the usage of resources and connected businesses worldwide. For example, if the customer is based in America, he can have the services delivered from India. They can communicate with each other in an instant. Every company uses business technology like virtual meeting tools, corporate social networks, tablets, and smart customer relationship management applications that accelerate the fast movement of data and information.

Technology in Education:

Technology is making the education industry improve over time. With technology, students and parents have a variety of learning tools at their fingertips. Teachers can coordinate with classrooms across the world and share their ideas and resources online. Students can get immediate access to an abundance of good information on the Internet. Teachers and students can access plenty of resources available on the web and utilise them for their project work, research, etc. Online learning has changed our perception of education. 

The COVID-19 pandemic brought a paradigm shift using technology where school-going kids continued their studies from home and schools facilitated imparting education by their teachers online from home. Students have learned and used 21st-century skills and tools, like virtual classrooms, AR (Augmented Reality), robots, etc. All these have increased communication and collaboration significantly. 

Technology in Banking:

Technology and banking are now inseparable. Technology has boosted digital transformation in how the banking industry works and has vastly improved banking services for their customers across the globe.

Technology has made banking operations very sophisticated and has reduced errors to almost nil, which were somewhat prevalent with manual human activities. Banks are adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI) to increase their efficiency and profits. With the emergence of Internet banking, self-service tools have replaced the traditional methods of banking. 

You can now access your money, handle transactions like paying bills, money transfers, and online purchases from merchants, and monitor your bank statements anytime and from anywhere in the world. Technology has made banking more secure and safe. You do not need to carry cash in your pocket or wallet; the payments can be made digitally using e-wallets. Mobile banking, banking apps, and cybersecurity are changing the face of the banking industry.

Manufacturing and Production Industry Automation:

At present, manufacturing industries are using all the latest technologies, ranging from big data analytics to artificial intelligence. Big data, ARVR (Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality), and IoT (Internet of Things) are the biggest manufacturing industry players. Automation has increased the level of productivity in various fields. It has reduced labour costs, increased efficiency, and reduced the cost of production.

For example, 3D printing is used to design and develop prototypes in the automobile industry. Repetitive work is being done easily with the help of robots without any waste of time. This has also reduced the cost of the products. 

Technology in the Healthcare Industry:

Technological advancements in the healthcare industry have not only improved our personal quality of life and longevity; they have also improved the lives of many medical professionals and students who are training to become medical experts. It has allowed much faster access to the medical records of each patient. 

The Internet has drastically transformed patients' and doctors’ relationships. Everyone can stay up to date on the latest medical discoveries, share treatment information, and offer one another support when dealing with medical issues. Modern technology has allowed us to contact doctors from the comfort of our homes. There are many sites and apps through which we can contact doctors and get medical help. 

Breakthrough innovations in surgery, artificial organs, brain implants, and networked sensors are examples of transformative developments in the healthcare industry. Hospitals use different tools and applications to perform their administrative tasks, using digital marketing to promote their services.

Technology in Agriculture:

Today, farmers work very differently than they would have decades ago. Data analytics and robotics have built a productive food system. Digital innovations are being used for plant breeding and harvesting equipment. Software and mobile devices are helping farmers harvest better. With various data and information available to farmers, they can make better-informed decisions, for example, tracking the amount of carbon stored in soil and helping with climate change.

Disadvantages of Technology:

People have become dependent on various gadgets and machines, resulting in a lack of physical activity and tempting people to lead an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. Even though technology has increased the productivity of individuals, organisations, and the nation, it has not increased the efficiency of machines. Machines cannot plan and think beyond the instructions that are fed into their system. Technology alone is not enough for progress and prosperity. Management is required, and management is a human act. Technology is largely dependent on human intervention. 

Computers and smartphones have led to an increase in social isolation. Young children are spending more time surfing the internet, playing games, and ignoring their real lives. Usage of technology is also resulting in job losses and distracting students from learning. Technology has been a reason for the production of weapons of destruction.

Dependency on technology is also increasing privacy concerns and cyber crimes, giving way to hackers.

FAQs on Technology Essay

1. What is technology?

Technology refers to innovative ways of doing work through various smart means. The advancement of technology has played an important role in the development of human civilization. It has helped in improving the productivity of individuals and businesses.

2. How has technology changed the face of banking?

Technology has made banking operations very sophisticated. With the emergence of Internet banking, self-service tools have replaced the traditional methods of banking. You can now access your money, handle transactions, and monitor your bank statements anytime and from anywhere in the world. Technology has made banking more secure and safe.

3. How has technology brought a revolution in the medical field?

Patients and doctors keep each other up to date on the most recent medical discoveries, share treatment information, and offer each other support when dealing with medical issues. It has allowed much faster access to the medical records of each patient. Modern technology has allowed us to contact doctors from the comfort of our homes. There are many websites and mobile apps through which we can contact doctors and get medical help.

4. Are we dependent on technology?

Yes, today, we are becoming increasingly dependent on technology. Computers, smartphones, and modern technology have helped humanity achieve success and progress. However, in hindsight, people need to continuously build a healthy lifestyle, sorting out personal problems that arise due to technological advancements in different aspects of human life.

Essay on Technology in English (150, 200, 250, 500 Words)

Here, we’ve presented essays on “Technology” in 150, 200, 250 & 500 word samples. All the essays will be helpful for students of all classes i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & class 12.

Table of Contents

Essay on Technology in 150 Words

Introduction.

Technology plays a pivotal role in modern society, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with one another. From the invention of the wheel to the internet age, advancements in technology have revolutionized every aspect of human existence. In today’s fast-paced world, the pace of technological innovation continues to accelerate, bringing both opportunities and challenges.

The Impact of Technology

Technology has transformed communication, making it easier and faster to connect with people around the globe. Social media platforms allow individuals to share ideas, news, and experiences instantly, breaking down barriers and fostering collaboration. However, this constant connectivity also raises concerns about privacy and the blurring of boundaries between the digital and physical worlds.

Advancements in Healthcare

In the field of healthcare, technology has led to remarkable breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Medical imaging technologies such as MRI and CT scans enable doctors to detect diseases early and provide more accurate diagnoses. Moreover, telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare services, particularly in remote areas where medical resources are limited.

In conclusion, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, driving progress and innovation across all sectors. While it offers countless benefits, it is essential to consider its impact on society and address the challenges it presents. By embracing technology responsibly and ethically, we can harness its full potential to create a brighter future for all.

Technology Essay in 200 Words

In the modern era, technology serves as the cornerstone of human civilization, profoundly influencing every aspect of our existence. From the invention of the wheel to the digital age, technological advancements have reshaped society, fueling progress and innovation.

The Role of Technology in Education

Technology has revolutionized the field of education, transforming traditional learning methods and opening up new avenues for knowledge acquisition. Interactive learning platforms, online courses, and educational apps provide students with access to a wealth of information anytime, anywhere. However, the digital divide remains a significant challenge, as not everyone has equal access to these resources.

Impact on Employment

The integration of automation and artificial intelligence into various industries has led to significant changes in the labor market. While technology has created new job opportunities, it has also displaced many workers, raising concerns about unemployment and income inequality. Additionally, the gig economy and remote work trends have redefined the traditional notions of employment and workplace dynamics.

Environmental Sustainability

Technology has the potential to address pressing environmental challenges by promoting sustainable practices and reducing carbon emissions. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, coupled with advancements in energy efficiency, offer viable solutions to combat climate change. However, the environmental impact of technological manufacturing processes and electronic waste management remains a critical issue.

In conclusion, technology is a double-edged sword that presents both opportunities and challenges for humanity. As we navigate the complexities of the digital age, it is essential to harness the power of technology responsibly and ethically to ensure a prosperous and sustainable future for generations to come.

Essay Writing on Technology in 250 Words

The rapid advancement of technology has fundamentally transformed the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. From the invention of the printing press to the emergence of artificial intelligence, each technological milestone has heralded a new era of innovation and progress.

Communication Revolution

In the realm of communication, technology has revolutionized how we connect and communicate with one another. The proliferation of smartphones and social media platforms has made it easier than ever to stay connected, with over 4.66 billion people worldwide using the internet as of October 2021, according to data from Statista. Instant messaging apps and video conferencing tools have facilitated global collaboration and fostered a sense of interconnectedness like never before.

Economic Impact

The impact of technology on the global economy cannot be overstated. According to a report by the World Economic Forum, the digital economy is projected to reach $23 trillion by 2025, representing over 25% of global GDP. Technological innovation has spurred entrepreneurship and job creation, with the rise of startups and digital platforms reshaping industries across the board. However, concerns persist about the unequal distribution of wealth and the widening gap between tech-savvy regions and those left behind.

Healthcare Transformation

Advancements in technology have revolutionized healthcare delivery, improving patient outcomes and enhancing the quality of care. The adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined administrative processes, reducing medical errors and improving care coordination. Moreover, telemedicine has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional in-person consultations, especially in rural and underserved communities.

Technology has the potential to address pressing environmental challenges, from climate change to resource depletion. Sustainable technologies such as renewable energy, electric vehicles, and green infrastructure offer promising solutions to mitigate carbon emissions and promote ecological balance. However, the transition to a sustainable future requires collective action and investment in innovative technologies.

In conclusion, technology continues to shape the trajectory of human progress, offering unprecedented opportunities for innovation and growth. However, as we harness the power of technology to address global challenges, it is imperative to prioritize ethical considerations and ensure equitable access to its benefits. Only by leveraging technology responsibly can we build a more inclusive, sustainable, and prosperous future for all.

Writing an Essay on Technology in 500 Words

Technology stands as the cornerstone of the modern world, permeating every facet of human existence. From the Industrial Revolution to the Information Age, the evolution of technology has been synonymous with progress and innovation. As of 2022, there were approximately 4.66 billion internet users globally, representing over half of the world’s population, according to data from Statista. This widespread connectivity has ushered in an era of unprecedented interconnectedness and transformed the way we live, work, and communicate.

One of the most significant impacts of technology has been its transformation of communication. The advent of the internet and social media platforms has democratized information dissemination, allowing individuals to share ideas and connect with others across geographical boundaries. In 2020 alone, there were an estimated 3.6 billion social media users worldwide, a number projected to increase to almost 4.41 billion by 2025, according to Statista. Instant messaging apps and video conferencing tools have further facilitated real-time communication, revolutionizing how businesses operate and people interact.

Economic Implications

The integration of technology into the global economy has reshaped traditional industries and catalyzed the rise of new ones. The digital economy has become a driving force of economic growth, with a projected value of $23 trillion by 2025, accounting for over 25% of global GDP, according to the World Economic Forum. This rapid expansion has created unprecedented opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation, propelling the growth of startups and digital enterprises. However, the benefits of this digital revolution have not been evenly distributed, with concerns mounting over the digital divide and economic inequality.

In the realm of healthcare, technology has revolutionized diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Electronic health records (EHRs) have streamlined administrative processes and improved care coordination, leading to better patient outcomes. Telemedicine has emerged as a game-changer, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, enabling remote consultations and expanding access to healthcare services. According to a report by McKinsey & Company, telehealth utilization surged by 38 times in the United States during the pandemic, highlighting its potential to transform the delivery of healthcare.

Education Evolution

Technology has also revolutionized the field of education, breaking down barriers to learning and expanding access to educational resources. Online learning platforms and digital classrooms have provided students with flexible learning opportunities, allowing them to pursue education at their own pace and convenience. As of 2021, the global e-learning market was valued at $250 billion and is projected to reach $1 trillion by 2027, according to Global Market Insights. However, challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to technology and addressing the digital divide in education.

In the face of escalating environmental challenges, technology offers promising solutions to mitigate climate change and promote sustainability. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power have gained traction, accounting for an increasing share of global energy consumption. Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional combustion engine vehicles, with sales expected to reach 31.1 million units by 2030, according to BloombergNEF. However, the transition to a sustainable future requires concerted efforts and investments in green technologies and infrastructure.

In conclusion, technology continues to redefine the contours of human civilization, shaping our societies, economies, and environments in profound ways. While the benefits of technological innovation are undeniable, it is crucial to address the challenges and inequalities it brings forth. By leveraging technology responsibly and ethically, we can harness its full potential to create a more inclusive, sustainable, and prosperous future for generations to come.

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Argumentative Essay on Technology

Technology influences every aspect of our lives. From the way we communicate to the way we work, the impact of technology is undeniable. Writing an argumentative essay about technology offers an opportunity to explore and dissect this multifaceted subject. 

In this comprehensive guide, we will take you through the steps of creating an impactful argumentative essay on technology. 

Let’s try to grasp the fundamentals of this type of essay.

What is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires you to take a stance on a particular topic, provide evidence to support your position, and refute counterarguments. It aims to persuade the reader to adopt your point of view.

Choosing a Topic | Argumentative Essay on Technology

Selecting the right topic is the first step in creating a compelling argumentative essay. When it comes to technology, there are numerous subjects to explore:

• Privacy Concerns in the Digital Age: Discuss the implications of surveillance and data collection in the modern world.
• Impact of Social Media: Analyze the effects of social media on individuals and society.
• Artificial Intelligence and Automation: Delve into the benefits and drawbacks of AI and automation in the workplace.
• Digital Divide: Explore the disparities in technology access and its consequences.
• Cybersecurity: Investigate the importance of safeguarding data and personal information in the digital realm.

The Essay Structure | Argumentative Essay on Technology

To present your arguments effectively, you must follow a well-structured essay format. Here’s a classic structure that works for most argumentative essays:

1. Introduction

The introduction is your opportunity to grab the reader’s attention. Start with a compelling hook related to technology and state the issue you’ll be discussing. Provide some context and background information, and conclude with a clear thesis statement that outlines your stance on the topic.

Buy 119+ Effective Business Letter Samples here.

The body of your essay is where you present your arguments and evidence. Divide this section into several paragraphs, each focusing on a single point. Remember to use topic sentences to guide the reader through your essay. Let’s take the example of discussing the impact of social media on society:

• Paragraph 1: Social Media and Communication   Discuss how social media has revolutionized communication and connection among people.
• Paragraph 2: The Influence on Mental Health Explore the potential negative effects of excessive social media use on mental well-being.
• Paragraph 3: Fake News and Misinformation Address the issue of misinformation and its impact on society through social media.
• Paragraph 4: Privacy Concerns Discuss the privacy implications of sharing personal information on social media platforms.
• Paragraph 5: The Power of Social Media in Activism   Highlight the positive aspects, such as its role in social and political movements.

3. Counterarguments and Refutation 

To strengthen your essay, acknowledge opposing viewpoints and provide a counterargument. After presenting the counterargument, offer a compelling refutation to demonstrate the weaknesses in the opposing view.

4. Conclusion

Summarize your main points, restate your thesis, and leave the reader with a compelling closing thought. Encourage them to think critically about the topic.

Evidence and Support | Argumentative Essay on Technology

To make your argument persuasive, you need strong evidence and support for each point you make. Here are some ways to gather evidence:

• Statistics: Utilize relevant statistics to back up your claims. For instance, if you’re discussing the impact of social media, you can cite statistics on the number of people using social platforms or the time spent on them.
• Expert Opinions: Quote experts and scholars in the field to lend credibility to your arguments. Their insights can provide valuable support for your claims.
• Anecdotes and Examples: Share real-life stories or examples that illustrate the points you’re making. Personal anecdotes can make your essay more relatable to the reader.
• Research Studies: Incorporate findings from reputable research studies. These studies can offer in-depth analysis and provide a solid foundation for your arguments.

Addressing Counterarguments

To create a well-rounded argument, it’s crucial to address counterarguments. Anticipate what the opposition might say and offer a counterpoint. For example, when discussing social media’s positive impact on activism, acknowledge that some critics argue it can be a source of division. Then, provide evidence to refute this perspective.

Revise and Edit

Writing is a process, and revision is an integral part of it. After completing your initial draft, take the time to revise and edit your essay. Look for clarity, coherence, and ensure that your arguments flow logically. Pay attention to grammar and style to present a polished final product.

To Remember

Writing an argumentative essay about technology needs knowledge on essay structure and deep understanding about the topic. By following the structure, providing strong evidence, addressing counterarguments, and revising diligently, you can craft a compelling essay that engages readers and leaves a lasting impact. 

As technology continues to shape our world, the need for thoughtful discourse on its effects and implications becomes increasingly important. Your argumentative essay can contribute to this ongoing conversation, shedding light on the complexities of technology in the modern age.

Argumentative Essay on Technology Example

In today’s rapidly evolving world, technology plays an extremely important role. It has become an integral part of our lives, reshaping how we work, communicate, and live. Nobody can free themselves from the influence of this. The role of technology is really indispensable for three key reasons: facilitation of communication, efficiency and automation in business, and advancement in health care and research.

One of the most significant advantages of technology is its role in enhancing communication and connectivity. The rise of the internet and smartphones has revolutionized how people interact. Instant messaging, social media platforms, and video conferencing enable people from different corners of the world to stay connected effortlessly. This is particularly important for businesses that can now collaborate with partners and clients globally. In online retail business, technology, specially information technology, has made online malls increase their business transaction significantly. For example: Tokopedia made a huge number of transaction in 2019 which was around US $ 1,3 billion. Moreover, technology has brought distant family members closer and allowed friends to maintain their relationships across borders. In a world that increasingly values global connections, technology has proven to be indispensable.

Efficiency and Automation in Business Technology has vastly improved business operations and efficiency. The automation of tasks that once required substantial human effort has not only reduced labor costs but also minimized errors. For example, manufacturing industries now use robotic systems for repetitive tasks, increasing precision and output. In the service sector, customer relationship management software streamlines operations, providing valuable insights and enhancing customer satisfaction. This efficiency boosts profitability and competitiveness, making technology an essential element of modern business.

The importance of technology extends to the field of healthcare and research. Medical technology has saved countless lives through advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. From cutting-edge surgical robots to telemedicine services, technology has improved the accessibility and quality of healthcare. Additionally, technology aids in scientific research by enabling complex simulations, data analysis, and collaboration among researchers worldwide. Without it, we would not have made groundbreaking discoveries or developed life-saving treatments. Technology, therefore, plays a pivotal role in improving the quality of human life.

At some points, we know that technology has negative consequences, such as privacy concerns, job displacement, and over-dependence. While these concerns are valid, they do not negate the overall importance of technology. Instead, they highlight the need for responsible and ethical use of technology. For instance, privacy concerns can be addressed through regulations and user education. Job displacement, while real in some sectors, is often counterbalanced by new opportunities created by technology. Over-dependence on technology can be mitigated through fostering digital literacy and promoting a balanced lifestyle. In essence, these challenges do not diminish the fundamental significance of technology but emphasize the necessity of responsible integration.

To sum up, technology is undeniably important in our modern world. It enhances communication, boosts efficiency in business, and contributes to advancements in healthcare and research. While concerns exist, they can be addressed responsibly. Embracing technology and harnessing its potential is not only inevitable but also essential for our continued progress and well-being in the 21st century. Can you live your life without technology?

See also short argumentative essay sample for middle school here.

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• School Education /

Essay on Technology

• Updated on  
• Aug 25, 2023

The word technology comes from the Greek words ‘techne’ and ‘logos’. ‘Techne’ means skill, art, or craft, and ‘logos’ means a word, expression, or saying that can convey an idea. Therefore, technology means conveying an idea through skills or art.

Technology refers to the practical application of scientific knowledge to change or manipulate the human environment. Examples include artificial intelligence, printing, the internet, computers, and augmented reality. Students in grades 6-12 may be asked to write an essay on technology, and we have provided sample essays for reference.

Table of Contents

• 1 100 Words Essay On Technology Boon or Bane in English
• 2 200 Words Essay On Technology
• 3 800+ Words Essay On Technology
• 4 7+ Interesting Facts About Technology

100 Words Essay On Technology Boon or Bane in English

Also Read: Top Tech Courses in 2023

200 Words Essay On Technology

Also Read: Leverage Edu Reviews Career in Artificial Intelligence

800+ Words Essay On Technology

Also Read: Here Are the World’s Top Tech YouTubers 

7+ Interesting Facts About Technology

Here are some interesting facts about technology. These facts can be added while writing the essay on technology.  An essay on technology must include a proper introduction, body, and conclusion.

• The word technology was first used by Aristotle in 330 BC.
• Xerox is not the verb for photocopying. It is the name of the company that invented the technology.
• The first product of Nokia was toilet paper
• Amazon’s Alexa listens to the user’s conversations
• The Bitcoin founders’ identity has not yet been verified by anyone
• Japan offers the fastest internet connection in the world. That is, it is 319 terabits per second
• The word ‘robot’ has been taken from a Czech word. It means ‘forced labour’
• More than 92% of the world’s money is stored digitally.

A. The introduction of an essay on technology must include the main details about technology. The origin of technology terms, top technological innovations, and the impact of technology can be discussed in the introductory paragraph. However, it is important to make the introduction short, crisp, and engaging.

A. An essay on technology means the student must write about technology in a detailed manner. That is, the essay must include an introduction, body, and conclusion. Moreover, the student can add details about the history, advantages, and disadvantages of technology in the body of the essay.

A. There are several benefits of technology. Some of them are simplification of tasks, breaking the distance barrier, easy and fast access to information, providing entertainment, increasing effectiveness of task completion, and increased productivity and life expectancy.

Technology has its benefits and drawbacks. Hence while writing an essay on technology it is important to include both advantages and disadvantages. An essay on technology must follow a proper format. That is, it must contain an introduction, body, and conclusion. To discover more articles like this one consult the study abroad experts at Leverage Edu.

Blessy George

Blessy George is a Content Marketing Associate at Leverage Edu, boasting over a year of experience in the industry. Her expertise lies in crafting compelling content tailored to online courses, making her a go-to source for those navigating the vast landscape of digital learning. In addition to online classes, she writes content related to study abroad, English test preparation and visas. She has completed her MA degree in Political Science and has gained valuable experience as an intern.She is known for her extensive writing on various aspects of international education, garnering recognition for her insights and contributions. Apart from her professional pursuits, Blessy is passionate about creative writing, particularly poetry and songwriting.

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Technology and Its Impact in the World Essay

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Technology impacts, works cited.

Technology is defined as the use of tools, techniques and methods of organization in solving real world problems, which aims at performing specific tasks.

Technology has a profound root in the society; this is because today’s world relies on the advances in technology. These advances in technology in today’s world has sped people’s lives and made the world a smaller place to live in as it makes different locations closer to one another.

In addition, the fact that technology has become omnipresent in the world today due to its widespread use, is vital because it helps people in carrying out their chores in their daily livelihood. It is therefore important that the technology that exists be easily adaptable and able to solve the current world issues as human progress rate is increasing at an alarming rate (Oak 1).

The advances in technology have brought huge changes in the world today. Some of the areas where technology has brought important changes are as follows. First, technology has enabled the world in automating its critical processes in industries and households. The automobile industry has evolved from mechanical to automated automobiles simply because of the driving force that is technology.

Technology is applicable in performing tasks that are not accessible to man and are vital in automating crucial industrial processes. The technologies that are applicable when performing these crucial tasks include the use of robotics and artificial intelligence in carrying out challenging tasks such as space exploration and mining (Oak 1).

Another positive effect of technology is that it has changed the manner of communication. This has been made possible through the use computer technology; computers have the ability to process huge chunks of data at one go. Information digitization has proved to be a vital technology platform since it has made it possible in storing information and helps in enriching the information quality.

The advances in technology enable harnessing of water from natural sources to homes through robust transmission systems. Technology has brought the discovery of electricity that is important in lighting up the world. Electricity is easily generated by using renewable energy resources.

On the other hand, with all the advances in technology, it is unimaginable that technology has its side effects in the society even when the world is at the epitome of technology. In the medical technology world, technology can affect and also harm patients in cases where it involves a machine that has radiation rays.

On environmental technology, there is a lot of waste in terms of chemicals, which directly go back to the environment. Lastly, technology has a negative impact on people since they tend to be lazy and rely mostly on technology (Oak 1).

In conclusion, the advances brought about by technologies, which are the Internet, cell phones, and notebook computers are vital necessity for daily living. Due to these advances, it is easy for us to forget about those who suffer while attempting to provide for their basic needs, such as clean water, food and health care.

It is a good gesture by the developed world to make use of their technologies to help the underprivileged groups of people in the society. Through the continuous use of these technologies, there are advances that targets medical services, improved economy based on the Internet, emerging technologies in information systems sector, advanced farming methods and industrial sectors.

More importantly, educational needs for the people are taken into consideration by these technologies, since they help them become prosperous nations who do not require help from others but are able to get their own resources. Moreover, transferring technology from the developed world to the developing world has various benefits. There will be improvement in living standards, production efficiency and become a base for economic growth (Oak 1).

Oak, Manali. “ Positive Effects of Technology on Society .” Buzzle. 2011. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2018, June 11). Technology and Its Impact in the World. https://ivypanda.com/essays/impact-of-technology-in-the-world/

"Technology and Its Impact in the World." IvyPanda , 11 June 2018, ivypanda.com/essays/impact-of-technology-in-the-world/.

IvyPanda . (2018) 'Technology and Its Impact in the World'. 11 June.

IvyPanda . 2018. "Technology and Its Impact in the World." June 11, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/impact-of-technology-in-the-world/.

1. IvyPanda . "Technology and Its Impact in the World." June 11, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/impact-of-technology-in-the-world/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Technology and Its Impact in the World." June 11, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/impact-of-technology-in-the-world/.

Essay On Technology

Table of Contents

short Essay On Technology

Technology refers to the tools, techniques, and systems developed to improve and simplify our lives. Over the past few decades, technology has advanced at an unprecedented pace, transforming nearly every aspect of our daily lives.

One of the most notable impacts of technology is the way it has changed the way we communicate. The advent of the internet and smartphones has made it possible to connect with people from all over the world in real-time. Social media platforms have revolutionized the way we share information, ideas, and experiences with each other.

Another significant impact of technology is on the way we work. The widespread use of computers and automation has increased efficiency, reduced costs, and created new jobs. The ability to work remotely and connect with colleagues from anywhere in the world has also changed the traditional 9-to-5 workday.

In the field of medicine, technology has been a game-changer, improving the accuracy of diagnoses, and allowing for earlier detection and treatment of illnesses. The development of medical technologies such as telemedicine has also made healthcare more accessible, especially in remote or underserved areas.

However, technology has also brought with it some negative consequences. The rapid pace of technological change has resulted in a digital divide, where access to technology is not evenly distributed, leading to a widening gap between those who have access and those who do not. In addition, the increasing reliance on technology has raised concerns about privacy, security, and the potential for technology to replace human jobs.

In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on our lives and has changed the way we live, work, and communicate. While it has brought many benefits, it is important that we use technology responsibly and address its negative consequences to ensure that it continues to benefit society in the future.

Long Essay On Technology

In the changing world, technology plays a major role in our day to day lives. From smartphones to computers and robots, technology has allowed us to explore new possibilities and make life easier. In this essay, we will discuss the ways that technology has changed our lives and how it is also impacting our society. We will also take a look at some of the potential risks of over-reliance on technology for everyday tasks.

Introduction: What is Technology and its Definition

Technology can be defined as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. It is the use of machines, tools and equipment to perform tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible.

The word “technology” comes from the Greek word technologia, which means “the study of craft”. The first use of the term in English was in the 1620s, and it referred to the practical arts such as weaving, carpentry and pottery.

Today, technology is used in a much wider range of fields, including medicine, manufacturing, communication and transportation. New technologies are constantly being developed, and existing ones are being refined.

Some people believe that technology has made our lives easier and more convenient. Others believe that it has made us more reliant on machines and less connected to each other. Whatever your opinion, there’s no denying that technology plays a major role in our lives.

Types of Technology

There are many different types of technology, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of the most popular types of technology:

1. Communication Technology

Communication technology includes all the devices and methods we use to communicate with others. This can include everything from cell phones and text messaging to email and social media. Communication technology has made it easier than ever to stay in touch with friends and family, but it can also be a distraction from face-to-face interactions.

2. Information Technology

Information technology is the term used to describe any type of technology that helps to store, retrieve, or manipulate information. This can include everything from computers and software to databases and networking systems. Information technology has revolutionized the way we work and live, but it can also be a source of frustration when things go wrong.

3. Transportation Technology

Transportation technology includes all the devices and methods we use to move people or goods from one place to another. This can include everything from cars and trains to planes and ships. Transportation technology has made it possible for us to travel great distances in relatively short periods of time, but it can also be a major contributor to pollution and traffic congestion.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology

There are both advantages and disadvantages to technology. On the one hand, it can help us to stay connected with friends and family who live far away. It can also make life more convenient by helping us to access information and services quickly and easily. On the other hand, technology can be expensive and it can also lead to addiction and dependency.

Some people argue that we have become too reliant on technology and that this is having a negative impact on our ability to think for ourselves and solve problems. Others believe that technology is a valuable tool that we should use wisely.

How Technology Has Impacted Our Lives

Technology has changed our lives in many ways, making them both better and worse. On the one hand, we can now do things that were once impossible, such as communicating with people on the other side of the world or taking a picture of ourselves. On the other hand, we are now more reliant on technology than ever before, and this can lead to problems if it breaks down or we don’t have access to it.

In terms of communication, technology has made the world a much smaller place. We can now instantly communicate with anyone, anywhere in the world. This has made it easier to keep in touch with friends and family, as well as meet new people. It has also made it easier to access information and news from around the globe.

In terms of transportation, technology has made it possible to travel further and faster than ever before. We can now fly across continents in a matter of hours, and drive cars that can take us hundreds of miles in a day. This has made it easier to explore different parts of the world and get where we need to go quickly.

However, there are also some negative impacts of technology on our lives. For example, we are now more reliant on technology than ever before, and this can lead to problems if it breaks down or we don’t have access to it. We also tend to spend more time looking at screens than interacting with real people these days, which can be isolating.

Future of Technology

The future of technology is always changing and evolving. As new technologies are developed, they will change the way we live, work, and play. Here are some emerging technologies that could shape the future:

1. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning: AI and machine learning are already beginning to transform many industries, from healthcare to finance. In the future, these technologies could become even more ubiquitous and help us solve complex problems in real-time.

2. Augmented reality (AR): AR is a technology that overlays digital information on the real world. It has many potential applications, from gaming to education. In the future, AR could become more commonplace and help us interact with our environment in new ways.

3. Virtual reality (VR): VR is a technology that allows users to immerse themselves in a virtual environment. It has many potential uses, from entertainment to training simulations. In the future, VR could become more realistic and allow us to experience things in ways that are not possible in the physical world.

4. Blockchain: Blockchain is a distributed database that allows for secure, transparent transactions without the need for a third party intermediary. This technology has the potential to disrupt many industries, from banking to supply chain management .

5. Robotics: Robotics is a field of technology focused on designing, building, and programming robots to perform complex tasks. In the future, robotics could help us automate many processes and make our lives easier.

These are just a few examples of emerging technologies that could shape the future. The possibilities are endless, and it’s exciting to think about how these technologies will continue to evolve in the years ahead.

Ethical Issues Related to Technology

There are a number of ethical issues related to technology that need to be considered when writing an essay on technology. One of the main ethical issues is privacy. With the advent of social networking and other forms of online communication, there is a heightened concern over how private information is used and shared. There is also the issue of copyright infringement, which has become more prevalent with the rise of digital media. Other ethical issues related to technology include cyberbullying and internet addiction.

In conclusion, technology has had a vast impact on society and it is still continuing to do so. While there are both positives and negatives associated with technological advancements, the fact remains that technology provides us with many tools which can be used to achieve great things. We must learn how to use these tools wisely without getting lost in them. By understanding the power of technology, we can ensure that its capabilities are used for the greater good of humanity.

Manisha Dubey Jha is a skilled educational content writer with 5 years of experience. Specializing in essays and paragraphs, she’s dedicated to crafting engaging and informative content that enriches learning experiences.

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• How to write an essay introduction | 4 steps & examples

How to Write an Essay Introduction | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on February 4, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 23, 2023.

A good introduction paragraph is an essential part of any academic essay . It sets up your argument and tells the reader what to expect.

The main goals of an introduction are to:

• Catch your reader’s attention.
• Give background on your topic.
• Present your thesis statement —the central point of your essay.

This introduction example is taken from our interactive essay example on the history of Braille.

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

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Table of contents

Step 1: hook your reader, step 2: give background information, step 3: present your thesis statement, step 4: map your essay’s structure, step 5: check and revise, more examples of essay introductions, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about the essay introduction.

Your first sentence sets the tone for the whole essay, so spend some time on writing an effective hook.

Avoid long, dense sentences—start with something clear, concise and catchy that will spark your reader’s curiosity.

The hook should lead the reader into your essay, giving a sense of the topic you’re writing about and why it’s interesting. Avoid overly broad claims or plain statements of fact.

Examples: Writing a good hook

Take a look at these examples of weak hooks and learn how to improve them.

• Braille was an extremely important invention.
• The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.

The first sentence is a dry fact; the second sentence is more interesting, making a bold claim about exactly  why the topic is important.

• The internet is defined as “a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities.”
• The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education.

Avoid using a dictionary definition as your hook, especially if it’s an obvious term that everyone knows. The improved example here is still broad, but it gives us a much clearer sense of what the essay will be about.

• Mary Shelley’s  Frankenstein is a famous book from the nineteenth century.
• Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale about the dangers of scientific advancement.

Instead of just stating a fact that the reader already knows, the improved hook here tells us about the mainstream interpretation of the book, implying that this essay will offer a different interpretation.

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Next, give your reader the context they need to understand your topic and argument. Depending on the subject of your essay, this might include:

• Historical, geographical, or social context
• An outline of the debate you’re addressing
• A summary of relevant theories or research about the topic
• Definitions of key terms

The information here should be broad but clearly focused and relevant to your argument. Don’t give too much detail—you can mention points that you will return to later, but save your evidence and interpretation for the main body of the essay.

How much space you need for background depends on your topic and the scope of your essay. In our Braille example, we take a few sentences to introduce the topic and sketch the social context that the essay will address:

Now it’s time to narrow your focus and show exactly what you want to say about the topic. This is your thesis statement —a sentence or two that sums up your overall argument.

This is the most important part of your introduction. A  good thesis isn’t just a statement of fact, but a claim that requires evidence and explanation.

The goal is to clearly convey your own position in a debate or your central point about a topic.

Particularly in longer essays, it’s helpful to end the introduction by signposting what will be covered in each part. Keep it concise and give your reader a clear sense of the direction your argument will take.

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As you research and write, your argument might change focus or direction as you learn more.

For this reason, it’s often a good idea to wait until later in the writing process before you write the introduction paragraph—it can even be the very last thing you write.

When you’ve finished writing the essay body and conclusion , you should return to the introduction and check that it matches the content of the essay.

It’s especially important to make sure your thesis statement accurately represents what you do in the essay. If your argument has gone in a different direction than planned, tweak your thesis statement to match what you actually say.

To polish your writing, you can use something like a paraphrasing tool .

You can use the checklist below to make sure your introduction does everything it’s supposed to.

Checklist: Essay introduction

My first sentence is engaging and relevant.

I have introduced the topic with necessary background information.

I have defined any important terms.

My thesis statement clearly presents my main point or argument.

Everything in the introduction is relevant to the main body of the essay.

You have a strong introduction - now make sure the rest of your essay is just as good.

• Argumentative
• Literary analysis

This introduction to an argumentative essay sets up the debate about the internet and education, and then clearly states the position the essay will argue for.

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts is on the rise, and its role in learning is hotly debated. For many teachers who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its critical benefits for students and educators—as a uniquely comprehensive and accessible information source; a means of exposure to and engagement with different perspectives; and a highly flexible learning environment.

This introduction to a short expository essay leads into the topic (the invention of the printing press) and states the main point the essay will explain (the effect of this invention on European society).

In many ways, the invention of the printing press marked the end of the Middle Ages. The medieval period in Europe is often remembered as a time of intellectual and political stagnation. Prior to the Renaissance, the average person had very limited access to books and was unlikely to be literate. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century allowed for much less restricted circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.

This introduction to a literary analysis essay , about Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein , starts by describing a simplistic popular view of the story, and then states how the author will give a more complex analysis of the text’s literary devices.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale. Arguably the first science fiction novel, its plot can be read as a warning about the dangers of scientific advancement unrestrained by ethical considerations. In this reading, and in popular culture representations of the character as a “mad scientist”, Victor Frankenstein represents the callous, arrogant ambition of modern science. However, far from providing a stable image of the character, Shelley uses shifting narrative perspectives to gradually transform our impression of Frankenstein, portraying him in an increasingly negative light as the novel goes on. While he initially appears to be a naive but sympathetic idealist, after the creature’s narrative Frankenstein begins to resemble—even in his own telling—the thoughtlessly cruel figure the creature represents him as.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

• An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
• Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
• A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

The “hook” is the first sentence of your essay introduction . It should lead the reader into your essay, giving a sense of why it’s interesting.

To write a good hook, avoid overly broad statements or long, dense sentences. Try to start with something clear, concise and catchy that will spark your reader’s curiosity.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, July 23). How to Write an Essay Introduction | 4 Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 21, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/introduction/

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• Essay On Technology

Essay on Technology

500+ words essay on technology.

The word technology comes from the two Greek words, ‘techne’ and ‘logos’. Techne means art, skills, or craft, and Logos means a word, saying, or expression that expresses inward thought. Thus, technology means the skill to convey an idea to reach a goal. But nowadays, the term technology mainly signifies the knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and organisation methods to solve a problem. Today, technological advancement has provided the human race with the ability to control and adapt to their natural environment. In this Essay on Technology, students will know the importance of technology, its advantages and disadvantages and the future of technology.

How Has Technology Changed Our Lives?

Various innovations and development took place in the field of technology which has made a significant impact on our lives in different ways. With the invention of technology, we become more powerful. We have the ability to transform the environment, extend our lifetime, create big and interconnected societies and even explore various new things about the universe. Today, we use technology from morning to evening, from the simplest nail cutter to television and personal laptop. Technology has touched all aspects of our lives, whether it is mobile phones, kettles, kitchen microwaves, electric cookers, television, water heaters, remote control, fridge, and other larger communication systems such as internet facilities, railways, air routes, and so on. Thus, technology plays an extremely crucial role in the lives of human beings.

Advantages of Technology

The advancement in technology has made our lives easier, more comfortable and enjoyable. It has reduced the effort and time required to complete a task, thus enhancing the quality and efficiency of work. Technology has become a part of our life and benefited us in many ways. Today, we can communicate with people living in any city or country. Communication has become much faster and easier as we are just a click away from people. In education, technology has played a vital role, especially during the COVID-19 breakdown period. It has brought virtual and online classes for students and teachers across the globe to share knowledge, ideas and resources online. Moreover, technology has made it easier for students to understand complex concepts with the help of virtualisation, graphics, 3D animation and diagrams.

Technology is considered to be the driving force behind improvements in the medical and healthcare field. Modern machines have helped doctors to perform operations successfully. Due to technology, the lifespan of the common person has increased. There are many more sectors, such as banking, automation, automobile, and various industries, where technology is making significant changes and helping us.

Disadvantages of Technology

Although we have so many advantages of technology, there are also disadvantages. Robots and machines have taken over the job of many people. Instead of bringing people together, technology has made them socially isolated. People now spend most of their time on smartphones or computers rather than interacting with other people. Technology in education has reduced the intellectual and analytical ability of students. It is like spoon-feeding to students as they don’t have the reasoning and aptitude skills to think differently. Technology has raised the issue of internet privacy. So, one has to be very careful while using banking passwords to make online transactions.

Future of Technology

The future of technology seems to be exciting but also scary. Futuristic predictions in technology can dish out some exciting or scary visions for the future of machines and science. Technology will either enhance or replace the products and activities that are near and dear to us. The answer to our technological dilemma about what will be the upcoming technological innovation in the future is not surprising. In the past, technology was mainly focused on retaining more information and efficient processing, but in the future, it will be based on industrial robots, artificial intelligence, machine learning, etc.

Technology alone cannot help in building a better world. The collateral collaboration of machines and human effort is required for the progress and prosperity of the nation. We need to develop a more robust management system for the efficient functioning of technology.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Technology Essay

What is the simple definition of technology.

The real-time application of science and knowledge is how technology can be defined in simple terms.

Which country is ranked first in technological advancement?

Finland ranks top in technological advancement ahead of the USA according to the UNDP.

Why is the development of technology important?

Technology has now become an important part of our lives and thus technical and technological advancements are essential to take us forward in all aspects.

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Essay on Technology – A Boon or Bane for Students

500+ words essay on technology for students.

In this essay on technology, we are going to discuss what technology is, what are its uses, and also what technology can do? First of all, technology refers to the use of technical and scientific knowledge to create, monitor, and design machinery. Also, technology helps in making other goods that aid mankind.

Essay on Technology – A Boon or Bane?

Experts are debating on this topic for years. Also, the technology covered a long way to make human life easier but the negative aspect of it can’t be ignored. Over the years technological advancement has caused a severe rise in pollution . Also, pollution has become a major cause of many health issues. Besides, it has cut off people from society rather than connecting them. Above all, it has taken away many jobs from the workers class.

Familiarity between Technology and Science

As they are completely different fields but they are interdependent on each other. Also, it is due to science contribution we can create new innovation and build new technological tools. Apart from that, the research conducted in laboratories contributes a lot to the development of technologies. On the other hand, technology extends the agenda of science.

Vital Part of our Life

Regularly evolving technology has become an important part of our lives. Also, newer technologies are taking the market by storm and the people are getting used to them in no time. Above all, technological advancement has led to the growth and development of nations.

Negative Aspect of Technology

Although technology is a good thing, everything has two sides. Technology also has two sides one is good and the other is bad. Here are some negative aspects of technology that we are going to discuss.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

With new technology the industrialization increases which give birth to many pollutions like air, water, soil, and noise. Also, they cause many health-related issues in animals, birds, and human beings.

Exhaustion of Natural Resources

New technology requires new resources for which the balance is disturbed. Eventually, this will lead to over-exploitation of natural resources which ultimately disturbs the balance of nature.

Unemployment

A single machine can replace many workers. Also, machines can do work at a constant pace for several hours or days without stopping. Due to this, many workers lost their job which ultimately increases unemployment .

Types of Technology

Generally, we judge technology on the same scale but in reality, technology is divided into various types. This includes information technology, industrial technology , architectural technology, creative technology and many more. Let’s discuss these technologies in brief.

Industrial Technology

This technology organizes engineering and manufacturing technology for the manufacturing of machines. Also, this makes the production process easier and convenient.

Creative Technology

This process includes art, advertising, and product design which are made with the help of software. Also, it comprises of 3D printers , virtual reality, computer graphics, and other wearable technologies.

Information Technology

This technology involves the use of telecommunication and computer to send, receive and store information. Internet is the best example of Information technology.

FAQs on Essay on Technology

Q.1 What is Information technology?

A –  It is a form of technology that uses telecommunication and computer systems for study. Also, they send, retrieve, and store data.

Q.2 Is technology harmful to humans?

 A – No, technology is not harmful to human beings until it is used properly. But, misuses of technology can be harmful and deadly.

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Home Essay Samples Information Science and Technology

Essay Samples on Information Technology

The benefits of information technology: empowering the modern world.

This essay has examined the myriad benefits of information technology, emphasizing its transformative impact on various sectors and aspects of modern society. As IT continues to evolve, its potential to further enhance our lives and the world remains immense. Introduction The advent of Information Technology...

• Advantages of Technology
• Information Technology

Issues and Challenges in Information Technology: Exploring the Landscape

Introduction This essay has shed light on the array of issues and challenges that arise within the realm of Information Technology. It emphasizes the importance of proactive measures, ethical considerations, and collaborative efforts to navigate the complexities of the digital landscape. The rapid advancement of...

• Modern Technology

Information Technology in Education: Empowering Learning in the Digital Age

This essay has explored the transformative role of information technology in education, emphasizing its potential to enhance learning experiences, foster collaboration, and prepare students for the challenges of the digital age. It underscores the importance of embracing technology as a catalyst for educational innovation and...

• Technology in Education

The Future of Information Technology: Navigating the Digital Frontier

This essay has provided insights into the potential future of information technology, highlighting the transformative technologies and challenges that await us as we navigate the digital landscape. Introduction The landscape of Information Technology (IT) is continually evolving, shaping the way we live, work, and interact....

The Advantages of Information Technology: Transforming the Modern World

This essay has delved into the extensive advantages of information technology, highlighting its critical role in shaping various aspects of modern society. As IT continues to evolve, its potential to further enhance our lives and the world remains immense. Introduction In the modern era, information...

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Disadvantages of Information Technology: Navigating Digital Downsides

This essay has examined the various disadvantages of information technology, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to navigating these challenges. As IT continues to dominate modern life, understanding and addressing these issues will be paramount for individuals, businesses, and governments alike. Introduction Information Technology...

• Digital Communication

The History of Information Technology: From Abacus to AI

This essay has explored the rich history of information technology, from its humble beginnings to the transformative technologies that define our modern world. It serves as a reminder of the incredible journey of human innovation and the boundless potential of technology. Introduction The history of...

The Ubiquitous Role of Information Technology in Daily Life

Introduction This essay has highlighted the far-reaching influence of information technology on daily life, underscoring its role in communication, convenience, entertainment, work, and more. As we navigate the digital landscape, it's essential to be mindful of its implications and maximize its positive impact on our...

The Evolution of Information Technology Entrepreneurship

Introduction Information technology has had a deep impact on the current era. Almost every aspect of globalization is highly dependent on it. It has become dominant in all aspects of globalization. Information Technology is the study of transmitting information in various ways through the means...

• Effects of Technology
• Globalization

The Ethical Behavior When Using Information Communication And Technology

The topic that I choose and I want to explain is about online harassment. Online harassment or known as cyber harassment and online abuse. Online means email, social media platforms like Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and messanging app like Whatsapp, digital platforms like Youtube. Actually there...

• Cyber Bullying

Overview Of Information And Communication Technology In Bangladesh Context

Introduction: Information and communication technology (ICT) has become a part and parcel in today’s modern civilization. Although it was first adopted by private sector but now after seeing the potential and success rate, government of different countries are coping up with this magic wand. In...

Comsats Institute Of Information Technology

Green computing also known as Green IT, is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use of computers and their resources. In broader terms, it is also defined as the study of designing, engineering, using, disposing or recycling of computing devices in a way that reduces their...

• Impact of Technology

The Integration Of Information And Communication Technology In Education

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become a catchphrase in the contemporary world where every single moment of humanity is monitored and anchored by technology. ICTs have made swift treads for the past three decades by bringing in new dimensions in the fields of transmission...

• Education System

Best topics on Information Technology

1. The Benefits of Information Technology: Empowering the Modern World

2. Issues and Challenges in Information Technology: Exploring the Landscape

3. Information Technology in Education: Empowering Learning in the Digital Age

4. The Future of Information Technology: Navigating the Digital Frontier

5. The Advantages of Information Technology: Transforming the Modern World

6. Disadvantages of Information Technology: Navigating Digital Downsides

7. The History of Information Technology: From Abacus to AI

8. The Ubiquitous Role of Information Technology in Daily Life

9. The Evolution of Information Technology Entrepreneurship

10. The Ethical Behavior When Using Information Communication And Technology

11. Overview Of Information And Communication Technology In Bangladesh Context

12. Comsats Institute Of Information Technology

13. The Integration Of Information And Communication Technology In Education

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Technology Essay | Essay on Technology for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Technology Essay: Technology essay aims to educate readers about the advent of technology and its current applications. Today, our lives are far more convenient and easy, with everything we need at our fingertips. Though we may take technology for granted, we need to remember that what we have today is the culmination of hundreds of years of scientific progress and breakthrough. Inventions such as the internet and mobile phones have changed the world forever.

The human lifespan, in the 21st century, has greatly increased due to advancements in medical technology and medicine. However, less than 200 years ago, having a fever or a cut can become life-threatening very quickly. Vaccines or treatments for many diseases did not exist as well. On the industrial front, progress was slow and time-consuming. Transportation was rather primitive and prohibitively expensive, ensuring that only the rich and famous could use it. Read on to explore how the advent of technology changes our lives forever.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Technology for Students and Kids in English

The essays provided here cater to students of all classes. Long essays are suited for students of class 9 and above. Short essays are comparatively easier to understand and are well-suited for students of class 5 and above. The 10-lines essay is suited for students of class 4 and below.

Long Essay on Technology Essay 500 Words in English

A Long Essay on Technology will be helpful for students in classes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.

What is Technology Essay?

Technology is all around us, from the smartphones and smartwatches to solar-powered street lights and all-electric cars. So how do we define technology? Are there any criteria that can be used to define the term “technology?” Can fire discovered by a caveman hundreds of thousands of years ago be considered as technology?

Defining Technology

Technology is born with the accomplishment of scientific progress and breakthroughs. However, the exact definition of technology varies according to context.

• Technology can be defined as the application of scientific knowledge to change and manipulate the human environment.
• Technology can also be defined as the branch of knowledge that caters to the creation and use of technical means and their relationship with society and environment, using engineering, applied and pure science.
• The sum of ways in which social groups provide themselves with material objects of their civilization.

History of Technology

The term technology is derived from the ancient Greek words “techne” and “logos”, which translates to “art, craft” and “word, speech” respectively. The term was used for the first time in the 17th century, and it was denoted to mean “a discussion of the applied arts”. However, with the industrial movement beginning in the 20th century, the term “technology” was used to represent a range of processes and techniques, in addition to machinery and tools. Over time, the term was used to associate scientific progress and breakthroughs in various disciplines.

Technological Advancements

The Renaissance, which occurred from the 14th to 17th centuries in Europe, marked a surge of interest in literature, arts and science. Most of today’s fundamental principles and the basis for many inventions were established during that time. For instance, renowned scientists, astronomers and inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolaus Copernicus, Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, all lived during this time period. These individuals contributed many principles, theories and ideas that would become the basis for all the things we have in our world today.

The next big leap in technological advancement came during the Industrial Revolution, which began in the 1760s. This movement gave birth to many inventions such as the steam engine, the Spinning Jenny, the power loom and the electrical telegraph. When the world plunged into the two world wars, technological progress skyrocketed. This is because if any national had technological superiority, it could mean the difference between life and death. World War II, in particular, spawned countless innovations and inventions. The most significant inventions include the jet engine, synthetic rubber, radar, helicopters and penicillin.

Pros and Cons of Technology

Technology is a boon for many of us by making our lives easier.

• Enable instant communication and interaction
• Improves quality of life
• Helps to ensure safety
• Easy access to information/ products or services

Though technology has changed our lives for the better, there are many negative implications.

• Causes addiction
• Increases pollution
• Create a shortage of jobs
• Natural resources get exhausted

Short Essay about Technology 250 Words in English

A Short Essay on Technology will be helpful for students in classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Technology Essay Introduction

Technology, in its most basic sense, refers to the use of scientific knowledge to create, monitor and design tools and pieces of equipment, which are in turn used to make life easier for people.

Is Technology a Double-Edged Sword?

Some people may argue that technology can become detrimental over time. This is supported by the fact that our technology has drastically changed the earth. Most technological wastes do not decompose and end up contaminating the soil or water around them. Other technological inventions, such as diesel engines, coal-powered engines pump out large quantities of greenhouse gases. As a result, the ice caps are melting and the sea levels are rising. However, the inventors did not foresee the catastrophic consequences of their inventions.

Greener Future

We can still make a difference though- by promoting renewable and eco-friendly technology. Electric cars are the future in a world where oil and natural gas is nearly depleted. Solar-powered homes can be sustainable and reduce the burden on the power grid. Nuclear energy is far more feasible, economic and cleaner when compared to coal-powered plants. Such technologies may be the only way our planet does not become irreversibly damaged.

Conclusion on Technology Essay

Technology is one of the greatest tools for mankind, however, it has the potential to be misused. Technology can also cause some jobs to become obsolete, causing unemployment. Moreover, current technology needs to focus on being more eco-friendly and minimize their carbon footprints. This is the only way to ensure that technology does not result in the destruction of our natural resources and eventually, our planet.

10 Lines Essay on Technology 100 Words

• Technology is the use of science and scientific principles for our welfare
• Technology is found all around us
• Mobile phones and airliners are examples of technology
• Technology is important for businesses and industries
• Technology also includes tools and processes
• Technology has changed our world
• Some aspects of the technology may have negative consequences
• Technology can help to make our lives easier
• Video conferencing, which all of us use today, is the result of technology
• Technology has the potential to make our lives better, but it can also ruin it if we are not careful.

FAQ’s on Technology Essay

Question 1. How do you write a Technology essay?

Answer: A good essay on technology must include the definition, history, advantages and disadvantages. The essay must also be able to elaborate in detail and avoid grammatical errors.

Question 2. What is the importance of technology?

Answer: Technology makes our lives easier. Distances are reduced and the human lifespan is greatly increased.

Question 3. How is technology useful to us?

Answer: Technology can save precious time. It can also enable instant communication and interaction with people anywhere in the world. Moreover, technology improves our quality of life. It also ensures that we are safe from all harm. Inventions like the internet enable easy access to information.

Question 4. What is the disadvantage of technology?

Answer: Technologies, such as mobile phones or computers can cause addiction. Technology can also increase pollution and health problems. It can also create a shortage of jobs. Moreover, technology can deplete natural resources.

Question 5. Can technology improve our life?

Answer: Technology can certainly improve our lives if we use it responsibly.

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Essay on Technology

List of essays on technology, essay on technology – for school students (class 7, 8, 9 and 10 standard) (essay 1 – 600+ words), essay on technology – for college and university students (essay 2 – 750 words), essay on technology – long essay for competitive exams like ias, ips, upsc and civil services (essay 3 – 1000 words).

Technology can be said to be basically application of information for the building and development of devices and equipment that can be used in a lot of different ways.

Today, technology is now a very integral part of the day-to-day life for each and every one of us. Even though technology has gone a very long way in making life more convenient for every one of us, technology has also brought along a variety of negative effects that we cannot overlook.

Audience: The below given essays are exclusively written for school students (Class 7, 8, 9 and 10 Standard), college and university students. Furthermore, those students preparing for competitive exams like IAS, IPS, Civil Services and UPSC can also increase their knowledge by reading these essays.

Introduction:

Technology is basically the way we execute the discoveries of science and blend it with our own needs. Technology is a general term used to refer to the different tools, machines and equipment we use in everyday life. These tools and equipment have been invented by man to make the tasks faster, easier and more comfortable.

Advancements of Technology:

Since the invention of the wheel to the use of microchips in computers and mobiles, technology has come a long way. The man has reached the moon and explored the outer space just because of the advancement in the aeronautics field. Even in primitive occupations such as agriculture, there have been so many technological advancements with modern tools such as traction engine and steam tractor technology which has helped us make progress.

Prominent Examples:

Although there have been countless examples where technology has changed our lives, there are some which are considered as revolutions for mankind. The technology used in the field of robotics in one such fine example. Nowadays robots are being used by people and industries all over the world for various purposes. They are also used in places which are otherwise considered harmful for humans thereby protecting us. One such area is the cleaning and managing of radioactive waste.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is another field which is a classic example of the technological advancements man has achieved. Who could have imagined that a machine would be capable of thinking like us? That is what AI has been successful in doing. It is an intelligent machine capable of behaving like us. It can do activities such as problem-solving, planning, learning and even reasoning. Today AI is used in all major areas such as warfare, security, healthcare and communication. On top of this, it is far more efficient than us and has a lower rate of error.

Importance of Technology:

Technology has its own importance in our lives. Without technological advancements, our lives would not have been simpler and faster. The modernisation that the world is witnessing today has all been possible because of the technological developments in different fields. Moreover, it has helped in reducing the risks people had to undertake in many sectors such as mining. With new tools available, the tasks are less risky and are more efficient as well.

Drawbacks of Technology:

Although technological advancements are important for us, it is also true that we seem to be over-dependent on them nowadays.

The drawbacks of technology can be seen in the following ways:

1. The use of mobiles was meant to be able to keep in touch in difficult times. But now we see kids too much involved in the different applications on mobiles and killing their valuable time.

2. Many crimes have been reported through the misuse of digital technology.

3. Also, it has been seen that many people lack the basic education required to ensure the proper use of the technology available today. In fact, most of them use it for the sake of fashion and hence end up misusing it.

4. People have been so dependent on technology that they no more want to do any kind of manual activity. Even for small works that can be done manually, people prefer to do it through technology. This has resulted in making humans mentally as well as physically dormant.

Conclusion:

Technology is surely a boon for mankind. It is all the more important for the economic growth of a country. Modern technologies have in fact succeeded in reducing the human effort and the risk in doing a lot many things. But, still, it is for us to see how best we make use of the technology available to us.

While on one hand we can make use of technological advancements of nuclear energy to generate electricity and help many villages lighten us, at the hand the same nuclear energy can be used to create bombs which can cause mammoth destruction. Similarly, robots and other technological advancements have served as a good servant to us but the moment it becomes the master it can wipe off humanity from the Earth.

Technology can be said to be basically application of information for the building and development of devices and equipment that can be used in a lot of different ways. Today, technology is now a very integral part of the day-to-day life for each and every one of us. Even though technology has gone a very long way in making life more convenient for every one of us, technology has also brought along a variety of negative effects that we cannot overlook. Discussed here are some of the many ways in which our lives has been impacted by technology and how we can find the right balance for us to be able to overcome the different negative effects of technology.

Invention of Technology:

Technology is as old as life itself. At every point of our civilisation as humans, we have always had different forms of technology so it would not be possible to point out the exact invention of technology.

Advantages of Technology:

All of the things that we make use of daily including internet connection, lamps, cars, air conditioners, phones, laptops, bikes, refrigerators and even gas stoves are all products of technology. Technology has made our life easier and smoother. We can get everything just by a single click of our fingers.

Addiction to Technology:

It is fine if we technology to improve our life and how we live our lives. The problem however lies with addiction to the various technological devices that we use in making our lives better and this addiction can be very disastrous. Today, we have gone so deep into the use of technology that every one of us is busy glued to various technologies and devices today. A very good example is our cell phones, no matter where you go, you will find people busy focused on their phones even when it is not safe for them to do so like while walking on the road, driving a car, or even operating a heavy machinery at work.

Some people are addicted to televisions and they cannot afford to miss an episode of their favourite programmes even when they have more important things to do at that time. Another one is that a lot of people cannot go the shortest distance without using a car, even when it is healthy to walk a few times. As a result of this, we live in a generation where a lot of us are not fit and many are suffering from obesity as a result of their apparent lack of physical exercise.

Negative Effects of Technology:

Addiction to technology has a lot of negative effects on us both mentally and physically.

Some of them are discussed below:

i. As a result of using technology, there has been an increase that is drastic in the pollution of our environment and this has led to a variety of different health problems, global warming and the depletion of our various natural resources.

ii. Because of the abundance of entertainment provided by technology in our homes, people are not seeing any reason why they should go out and enjoy nature. Today, most people especially kids would rather stay indoors than go outside and get involved in different outdoor activities. As a result of this, different health problems like stress; sleeping habits that are poor and obesity are now very rampant.

iii. Today while being too taken to technology, a lot of young people have developed social isolation which usually results in a lack of the much needed social skills to survive in life. Using technology to the extreme mixed with a life that is socially isolated can end up in depression.

Finding the Right Balance between Nature and Technology:

It is usually hard for a lot of people to find the right balance between nature and technology. There are some people that have become so addicted to technology and the way of life that technology brings that such people have totally forgotten how life is with nature. Also there are some people that have refused to accept technology and are stuck with old ways which makes them to live a life that is not up to standard.

Finding the right balance means living both forms of life moderately without going overboard in any one. Doing this will go a very long way in living a life that is both easy (through technological advancements) and healthy (through nature), it is important that we find the right balance between nature and technology.

Technology can be said to be very addictive as a result of its convenience and the easy comfort sources accompanied with entertainment that it offers. It is however important that one tries to find a balance between nature and technology and not get too much of technology. If one can do this, it is sure that one’s life will change for a better and one would be able to live a life that is happy and free of stress and depression.

What is technology?

We live in a world driven by technology — hardly anyone would argue with you if you said this. Technology, literally meaning the “science of craft”, refers to the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used to produce goods or services or for accomplishing objectives such as scientific investigation. Technology can be embedded in machines enabling them to be used by people even without a detailed knowledge of their inner workings.

Technological growth is closely linked to the expansion of scientific research and knowledge. In the last 50 years, thanks to the exponential increases in computing power and microchip design and manufacture, there has been unprecedented innovation and technological growth in nearly every field of human endeavour from health and transport to industrial production and education.

Technology in Daily Life:

It is automotive technology that drives today’s electric and hybrid cars, and which will drive tomorrow’s driverless cars, hover-taxis and space cabs.

It is technology that drives the ubiquitous mobile phones that you will now find in the hands of even the poorest of the world’s poor. It is technology that creates hybrid seeds that resist inhospitable climatic conditions and difficult terrain, giving high yields in shorter times.

It is advancing medical technology that makes remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and life-saving cures using stem cell transplants. Technology puts spacecrafts on asteroids and distant planets and lets us see new worlds. Technology splits atoms, revealing their secrets, and gives us ways to exploit them to create energy, quantum storage for data, and virtual reality games.

Technological growth: good or bad?

There are people who strongly oppose technology and claim that it spells the death of ‘humanity’, and that we are approaching the day when machines will rule everything. They refer to fans of technology as ‘techies’ or sometimes ‘geeks’. On the other hand, proponents of technology call these people Luddites, a derogatory name for someone who is opposed to industrialisation, automation, computerisation and new technologies in general.

Is this true? Is technology really a curse disguised as a blessing? Many believe that the convergence of biotechnology and AI might be the most consequential development of all.

When Technologies Converge:

In the last five decades, two areas in particular have grown faster than the rest, powered by research and advances in computing power. One is artificial intelligence, or AI; the other is biotechnology. Huge benefits have emerged from each of them for human beings in general, such as self-driving cars — which will dramatically reduce the death rate from road accidents — and robotic surgery, which enables precise, highly efficient and targeted surgical interventions.

Yet, visionaries like Yuval Noah Harari, author of the best-selling Homo sapiens and Deus , are now warning that the convergence of biotechnology and AI will irreversibly and unpredictably change both the quality of human life and its challenges in the next few decades. A good example of this is the facial recognition technology that is now present in all photo management programs. The AI in the software is capable of not only spotting the faces in every photograph but also recognising the person by name.

This technology has now expanded so that photo apps can recognise cats, dogs, beaches, mountains and cars too. Computers with AI are already correctly identifying human emotions through observing facial expressions and body movements. Some robots are able to mimic human emotions. This is called affective computing, sometimes called artificial emotional intelligence, and refers to the study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects.

How could this be a negative?

When Computers become Human-Like:

The ability to read human emotions is just a step away from predicting human emotions. For example, if a computer attached to a video camera could identify which products a consumer is showing greater interest in or which ones he is really keen to buy, various tactics could be used to influence her to buy it.

Activists worry that computers that can understand and anticipate human wishes and desires by scanning their irises and analysing their micro-expressions could also be programmed to exploit and manipulate them.

Another very real fear is that humanoid computers with human-like skin, speech, and expressions could jeopardise and dehumanise relationship and create emotional vacuums.

Machines that do Human Jobs:

An enduring fear of Luddites has always been that computers will rob humans of their livelihood by taking their jobs and doing them more efficiently at lower cost. However, in reality the exact opposite has happened. As computerised machines began taking over mechanical and repetitive human activities, new jobs for people opened up that needs thinking and analytical skills and judgement, or human interpersonal skills. A good example is the worldwide proliferation of call centres.

When drones were invented many feared that pilots would soon be redundant. However, few people know that it takes almost 30 people to fly one military drone, and an additional 50 people to analyze and make sense of the data being streamed back by the drone.

The US army suffers from a serious shortage of trained, high quality drone pilots; anyone who masters this skill will have a job. But a social scientist warns that in 10 years, it is certain that computers will be flying that drone and humans will be redundant. Equally sure is that some brand new skill requirement will have opened up with advancing technology, calling for new talents.

How Technology will Change Careers:

In the 20th century, a young man was supposed to choose a skill, vocation or profession, master it through education and practice, and then earn a living from it till he or she retired. However, the fast-changing nature of technology is making skills obsolete at a higher rate than ever before. To survive, tomorrow young man must keep re-inventing himself and updating his skills continuously. Life could be difficult if every new skill has a shelf life of only a decade or so.

Or perhaps one could look at it the other way — and say that changing technology will keep human beings on their toes throughout their life.

Technology is the result of human inventiveness. It reflects our evolutionary heritage. We are neither strong like gorillas or tigers, nor fast like cheetahs and hawks, but our brains and thinking powers have given us the greatest edge of any species on the planet. Technology is a result.

Technology is either inherently good or bad; it is how we use it that makes it so. The splitting of a hydrogen atom is technology at work. As history has shown us, technology can equally be used to make a nuclear bomb that kills millions — or generate electricity that lights up a million homes.

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Essay on Importance of Technology

Students are often asked to write an essay on Importance of Technology in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Importance of Technology

Introduction.

Technology plays a crucial role in our lives. It simplifies tasks, enhances learning, and connects us globally.

Learning and Education

Technology in education makes learning interactive and fun. It provides vast information at our fingertips.

Communication

Technology has improved communication. We can talk to people anywhere, anytime, making the world smaller.

In healthcare, technology helps in diagnosing and treating diseases, improving patient care.

Also check:

250 Words Essay on Importance of Technology

The ubiquity of technology.

Technology has permeated every facet of our lives, transforming our interaction with the world. It has transcended the boundaries of physicality, enabling virtual connectivity and fostering a global community.

Technology and Education

In the realm of education, technology has revolutionized learning methodologies. E-learning platforms, digital textbooks, and online classrooms have democratized education, making it accessible to all, irrespective of geographical constraints.

Healthcare Advancements

In healthcare, advancements in technology have led to innovative diagnostic tools, sophisticated treatment methods, and efficient patient management systems. Telemedicine, for instance, has made healthcare services reachable to remote areas.

Technology in Business

In the business world, technology has streamlined operations, enhanced productivity, and facilitated global collaboration. It has also spurred the growth of e-commerce, altering consumer behavior, and reshaping market dynamics.

The Double-Edged Sword

In conclusion, the importance of technology in contemporary society cannot be overstated. It is a powerful tool that, when wielded wisely, can propel humanity towards unprecedented progress. As future leaders, it’s crucial for us to harness technology’s potential responsibly, ensuring its benefits are equitably distributed, and its challenges effectively mitigated.

500 Words Essay on Importance of Technology

The pervasive influence of technology.

Technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, shaping our society in ways we could not have anticipated a few decades ago. It pervades every sphere of human activity, from communication to healthcare, education to entertainment, and commerce to governance. The importance of technology in our lives cannot be overstated.

Technology and Communication

Technology in education.

Technology has also played a significant role in transforming education. Digital learning platforms, online courses, and educational apps have democratized education, making it accessible to all irrespective of geographical boundaries. It has also enabled personalized learning, catering to the unique needs of each student and improving learning outcomes.

Healthcare and Technology

In the healthcare sector, technology has led to advancements in medical diagnostics and treatment. Telemedicine, electronic health records, and health monitoring devices have improved patient care, while research technologies have accelerated the development of new drugs and therapies.

Technology in Commerce

Technology and governance.

Technology has also transformed governance, making it more transparent and efficient. Digital government services, online voting systems, and social media have empowered citizens, enhancing their participation in the democratic process.

Despite its numerous benefits, technology also poses challenges. Issues like data privacy, cybercrime, and digital divide underscore the need for ethical and responsible use of technology. Additionally, the rapid pace of technological change necessitates continuous learning and adaptation.

In conclusion, technology plays a vital role in shaping our society and influencing our lives. It has made the world a global village, democratized access to information, and catalyzed economic growth. However, as we continue to embrace technology, it is crucial to address the challenges it presents and leverage it responsibly for the betterment of society. The importance of technology in our lives is a testament to human ingenuity and a reminder of our responsibility to use it wisely.

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What is technology?

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment .

Whether Internet technology is "making us stupid" is widely debated. Some argue the Internet is reprogramming our brains for the worse, as seen by diminishing IQ scores, and that new technologies and platforms like the Internet are harming attention spams, the ability to concentrate, and perform simple tasks. Others argue that virtually all new technologies throughout history have been initially feared, that the Internet gives voice to diverse populations and equal access to information for the benefit of social advancement, and that changing how the brain works and how we access and process information is not necessarily bad. For more on the debate about whether the Internet is "making us stupid," visit ProCon.org .

Artificial intelligence technology's impact on society is widely debated. Many argue that AI improves the quality of everyday life by doing routine and even complicated tasks better than humans can, making life simpler, safer, and more efficient. Others argue AI poses dangerous privacy risks, exacerbates racism by standardizing people, and costs workers their jobs leading to greater unemployment. For more on the debate over artificial intelligence, visit ProCon.org .

technology , the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment .

The subject of technology is treated in a number of articles. For general treatment, see technology, history of ; hand tool . For description of the materials that are both the object and means of manipulating the environment , see elastomers ; industrial ceramics ; industrial glass ; metallurgy ; mineral deposit ; mineral processing ; mining ; plastic . For the generation of energy , see energy conversion ; coal mining ; coal utilization ; petroleum production ; petroleum refining . For treatment of food production, see agriculture, history of ; agricultural economics ; beekeeping ; beer ; cereal farming ; coffee ; commercial fishing ; dairy farming ; distilled spirit ; food preservation ; fruit farming ; livestock farming ; poultry farming ; soft drink ; tea ; vegetable farming ; wine . For the techniques of construction technology, see bridge ; building construction ; canals and inland waterways ; dam ; harbours and sea works ; lighthouse ; roads and highways ; tunnels and underground excavations ; environmental works . For the manufacture and design of the means of transportation , see aerospace industry ; automotive industry ; ship construction . For communications technology, see broadcasting ; computer science ; information processing ; photography ; printing ; photoengraving ; typography ; telecommunication . For the processes and products of other manufacturing industries, see adhesive ; clothing and footwear industry ; dye ; explosive ; floor covering ; forestry ; chemical industry ; man-made fibre ; surface coating ; papermaking ; soap and detergent ; textile . For medical applications of technology, see diagnosis ; therapeutics ; drug ; medicine, history of ; pharmaceutical industry . For military applications, see military technology . For treatment of the organization of technological systems, see automation ; engineering ; production system ; systems engineering ; work, history of the organization of .

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For essay-writing tests, challenges arise when scores assigned to essays are influenced by the characteristics of raters, such as rater severity and consistency. Item response theory (IRT) models incorporating rater parameters have been developed to tackle this issue, exemplified by the many-facet Rasch models. These IRT models enable the estimation of examinees’ abilities while accounting for the impact of rater characteristics, thereby enhancing the accuracy of ability measurement. However, difficulties can arise when different groups of examinees are evaluated by different sets of raters. In such cases, test linking is essential for unifying the scale of model parameters estimated for individual examinee–rater groups. Traditional test-linking methods typically require administrators to design groups in which either examinees or raters are partially shared. However, this is often impractical in real-world testing scenarios. To address this, we introduce a novel method for linking the parameters of IRT models with rater parameters that uses neural automated essay scoring technology. Our experimental results indicate that our method successfully accomplishes test linking with accuracy comparable to that of linear linking using few common examinees.

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Introduction

The growing demand for assessing higher-order skills, such as logical reasoning and expressive capabilities, has led to increased interest in essay-writing assessments (Abosalem, 2016 ; Bernardin et al., 2016 ; Liu et al., 2014 ; Rosen & Tager, 2014 ; Schendel & Tolmie, 2017 ). In these assessments, human raters assess the written responses of examinees to specific writing tasks. However, a major limitation of these assessments is the strong influence that rater characteristics, including severity and consistency, have on the accuracy of ability measurement (Bernardin et al., 2016 ; Eckes, 2005 , 2023 ; Kassim, 2011 ; Myford & Wolfe, 2003 ). Several item response theory (IRT) models that incorporate parameters representing rater characteristics have been proposed to mitigate this issue (Eckes, 2023 ; Myford & Wolfe, 2003 ; Uto & Ueno, 2018 ).

The most prominent among them are many-facet Rasch models (MFRMs) (Linacre, 1989 ), and various extensions of MFRMs have been proposed to date (Patz & Junker, 1999 ; Patz et al., 2002 ; Uto & Ueno, 2018 , 2020 ). These IRT models have the advantage of being able to estimate examinee ability while accounting for rater effects, making them more accurate than simple scoring methods based on point totals or averages.

However, difficulties can arise when essays from different groups of examinees are evaluated by different sets of raters, a scenario often encountered in real-world testing. For instance, in academic settings such as university admissions, individual departments may use different pools of raters to assess essays from specific applicant pools. Similarly, in the context of large-scale standardized tests, different sets of raters may be allocated to various test dates or locations. Thus, when applying IRT models with rater parameters to account for such real-world testing cases while also ensuring that ability estimates are comparable across groups of examinees and raters, test linking becomes essential for unifying the scale of model parameters estimated for each group.

Conventional test-linking methods generally require some overlap of examinees or raters across the groups being linked (Eckes, 2023 ; Engelhard, 1997 ; Ilhan, 2016 ; Linacre, 2014 ; Uto, 2021a ). For example, linear linking based on common examinees, a popular linking method, estimates the IRT parameters for shared examinees using data from each group. These estimates are then used to build a linear regression model, which adjusts the parameter scales across groups. However, the design of such overlapping groups can often be impractical in real-world testing environments.

To facilitate test linking in these challenging environments, we introduce a novel method that leverages neural automated essay scoring (AES) technology. Specifically, we employ a cutting-edge deep neural AES method (Uto & Okano, 2021 ) that can predict IRT-based abilities from examinees’ essays. The central concept of our linking method is to construct an AES model using the ability estimates of examinees in a reference group, along with their essays, and then to apply this model to predict the abilities of examinees in other groups. An important point is that the AES model is trained to predict examinee abilities on the scale established by the reference group. This implies that the trained AES model can predict the abilities of examinees in other groups on the ability scale established by the reference group. Therefore, we use the predicted abilities to calculate the linking coefficients required for linear linking and to perform a test linking. In this study, we conducted experiments based on real-world data to demonstrate that our method successfully accomplishes test linking with accuracy comparable to that of linear linking using few common examinees.

It should be noted that previous studies have attempted to employ AES technologies for test linking (Almond, 2014 ; Olgar, 2015 ), but their focus has primarily been on linking tests with varied writing tasks or a mixture of essay tasks and objective items, while overlooking the influence of rater characteristics. This differs from the specific scenarios and goals that our study aims to address. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that employs AES technologies to link IRT models incorporating rater parameters for writing assessments without the need for common examinees and raters.

Setting and data

In this study, we assume scenarios in which two groups of examinees respond to the same writing task and their written essays are assessed by two distinct sets of raters following the same scoring rubric. We refer to one group as the reference group , which serves as the basis for the scale, and the other as the focal group , whose scale we aim to align with that of the reference group.

Let \(u^{\text {ref}}_{jr}\) be the score assigned by rater \(r \in \mathcal {R}^{\text {ref}}\) to the essay of examinee \(j \in \mathcal {J}^{\text {ref}}\) , where \(\mathcal {R}^{\text {ref}}\) and \(\mathcal {J}^{\text {ref}}\) denote the sets of raters and examinees in the reference group, respectively. Then, a collection of scores for the reference group can be defined as

where \(\mathcal{K} = \{1,\ldots ,K\}\) represents the rating categories, and \(-1\) indicates missing data.

Similarly, a collection of scores for the focal group can be defined as

where \(u^{\text {foc}}_{jr}\) indicates the score assigned by rater \(r \in \mathcal {R}^{\text {foc}}\) to the essay of examinee \(j \in \mathcal {J}^{\text {foc}}\) , and \(\mathcal {R}^{\text {foc}}\) and \(\mathcal {J}^{\text {foc}}\) represent the sets of raters and examinees in the focal group, respectively.

The primary objective of this study is to apply IRT models with rater parameters to the two sets of data, \(\textbf{U}^{\text {ref}}\) and \(\textbf{U}^{\text {foc}}\) , and to establish IRT parameter linking without shared examinees and raters: \(\mathcal {J}^{\text {ref}} \cap \mathcal {J}^{\text {foc}} = \emptyset \) and \(\mathcal {R}^{\text {ref}} \cap \mathcal {R}^{\text {foc}} = \emptyset \) . More specifically, we seek to align the scale derived from \(\textbf{U}^{\text {foc}}\) with that of \(\textbf{U}^{\text {ref}}\) .

• Item response theory

IRT (Lord, 1980 ), a test theory grounded in mathematical models, has recently gained widespread use in various testing situations due to the growing prevalence of computer-based testing. In objective testing contexts, IRT makes use of latent variable models, commonly referred to as IRT models. Traditional IRT models, such as the Rasch model and the two-parameter logistic model, give the probability of an examinee’s response to a test item as a probabilistic function influenced by both the examinee’s latent ability and the item’s characteristic parameters, such as difficulty and discrimination. These IRT parameters can be estimated from a dataset consisting of examinees’ responses to test items.

However, traditional IRT models are not directly applicable to essay-writing test data, where the examinees’ responses to test items are assessed by multiple human raters. Extended IRT models with rater parameters have been proposed to address this issue (Eckes, 2023 ; Jin and Wang, 2018 ; Linacre, 1989 ; Shin et al., 2019 ; Uto, 2023 ; Wilson & Hoskens, 2001 ).

Many-facet Rasch models and their extensions

The MFRM (Linacre, 1989 ) is the most commonly used IRT model that incorporates rater parameters. Although several variants of the MFRM exist (Eckes, 2023 ; Myford & Wolfe, 2004 ), the most representative model defines the probability that the essay of examinee j for a given test item (either a writing task or prompt) i receives a score of k from rater r as

where \(\theta _j\) is the latent ability of examinee j , \(\beta _{i}\) represents the difficulty of item i , \(\beta _{r}\) represents the severity of rater  r , and \(d_{m}\) is a step parameter denoting the difficulty of transitioning between scores \(m-1\) and m . \(D = 1.7\) is a scaling constant used to minimize the difference between the normal and logistic distribution functions. For model identification, \(\sum _{i} \beta _{i} = 0\) , \(d_1 = 0\) , \(\sum _{m = 2}^{K} d_{m} = 0\) , and a normal distribution for the ability \(\theta _j\) are assumed.

Another popular MFRM is one in which \(d_{m}\) is replaced with \(d_{rm}\) , a rater-specific step parameter denoting the severity of rater r when transitioning from score  \(m-1\) to m . This model is often used to investigate variations in rating scale criteria among raters caused by differences in the central tendency, extreme response tendency, and range restriction among raters (Eckes, 2023 ; Myford & Wolfe, 2004 ; Qiu et al., 2022 ; Uto, 2021a ).

A recent extension of the MFRM is the generalized many-facet model (GMFM) (Uto & Ueno, 2020 ) Footnote 1 , which incorporates parameters denoting rater consistency and item discrimination. GMFM defines the probability \(P_{ijrk}\) as

where \(\alpha _i\) indicates the discrimination power of item i , and \(\alpha _r\) indicates the consistency of rater r . For model identification, \(\prod _{r} \alpha _i = 1\) , \(\sum _{i} \beta _{i} = 0\) , \(d_{r1} = 0\) , \(\sum _{m = 2}^{K} d_{rm} = 0\) , and a normal distribution for the ability \(\theta _j\) are assumed.

In this study, we seek to apply the aforementioned IRT models to data involving a single test item, as detailed in the Setting and data section. When there is only one test item, the item parameters in the above equations become superfluous and can be omitted. Consequently, the equations for these models can be simplified as follows.

MFRM with rater-specific step parameters (referred to as MFRM with RSS in the subsequent sections):

Note that the GMFM can simultaneously capture the following typical characteristics of raters, whereas the MFRM and MFRM with RSS can only consider a subset of these characteristics.

Severity : This refers to the tendency of some raters to systematically assign higher or lower scores compared with other raters regardless of the actual performance of the examinee. This tendency is quantified by the parameter \(\beta _r\) .

Consistency : This is the extent to which raters maintain their scoring criteria consistently over time and across different examinees. Consistent raters exhibit stable scoring patterns, which make their evaluations more reliable and predictable. In contrast, inconsistent raters show varying scoring tendencies. This characteristic is represented by the parameter \(\alpha _r\) .

Range Restriction : This describes the limited variability in scores assigned by a rater. Central tendency and extreme response tendency are special cases of range restriction. This characteristic is represented by the parameter \(d_{rm}\) .

For details on how these characteristics are represented in the GMFM, see the article (Uto & Ueno, 2020 ).

Based on the above, it is evident that both the MFRM and MFRM with RSS are special cases of the GMFM. Specifically, the GMFM with constant rater consistency corresponds to the MFRM with RSS. Moreover, the MFRM with RSS that assumes no differences in the range restriction characteristic among raters aligns with the MFRM.

When the aforementioned IRT models are applied to datasets from multiple groups composed of different examinees and raters, such as \(\textbf{U}^{\text {red}}\) and \(\textbf{U}^{\text {foc}}\) , the scales of the estimated parameters generally differ among them. This discrepancy arises because IRT permits arbitrary scaling of parameters for each independent dataset. An exception occurs when it is feasible to assume equality in between-test distributions of examinee abilities and rater parameters (Linacre, 2014 ). However, real-world testing conditions may not always satisfy this assumption. Therefore, if the aim is to compare parameter estimates between different groups, test linking is generally required to unify the scale of model parameters estimated from each individual group’s dataset.

One widely used approach for test linking is linear linking . In the context of the essay-writing test considered in this study, implementing linear linking necessitates designing two groups so that there is some overlap in examinees between them. With this design, IRT parameters for the shared examinees are estimated individually for each group. These estimates are then used to construct a linear regression model for aligning the parameter scales across groups, thereby rendering them comparable. We now introduce the mean and sigma method  (Kolen & Brennan, 2014 ; Marco, 1977 ), a popular method for linear linking, and illustrate the procedures for parameter linking specifically for the GMFM, as defined in Eq.  7 , because both the MFRM and the MFRM with RSS can be regarded as special cases of the GMFM, as explained earlier.

To elucidate this, let us assume that the datasets corresponding to the reference and focal groups, denoted as \(\textbf{U}^{\text {ref}}\) and \(\textbf{U}^{\text {foc}}\) , contain overlapping sets of examinees. Furthermore, let us assume that \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {foc}}\) , \(\hat{\varvec{\alpha }}^{\text {foc}}\) , \(\hat{\varvec{\beta }}^{\text {foc}}\) , and \(\hat{\varvec{d}}^{\text {foc}}\) are the GMFM parameters estimated from \(\textbf{U}^{\text {foc}}\) . The mean and sigma method aims to transform these parameters linearly so that their scale aligns with those estimated from \(\textbf{U}^{\text {ref}}\) . This transformation is guided by the equations

where \(\tilde{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {foc}}\) , \(\tilde{\varvec{\alpha }}^{\text {foc}}\) , \(\tilde{\varvec{\beta }}^{\text {foc}}\) , and \(\tilde{\varvec{d}}^{\text {foc}}\) represent the scale-transformed parameters for the focal group. The linking coefficients are defined as

where \({\mu }^{\text {ref}}\) and \({\sigma }^{\text {ref}}\) represent the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the common examinees’ ability values estimated from \(\textbf{U}^{\text {ref}}\) , and \({\mu }^{\text {foc}}\) and \({\sigma }^{\text {foc}}\) represent those values obtained from \(\textbf{U}^{\text {foc}}\) .

This linear linking method is applicable when there are common examinees across different groups. However, as discussed in the introduction, arranging for multiple groups with partially overlapping examinees (and/or raters) can often be impractical in real-world testing environments. To address this limitation, we aim to facilitate test linking without the need for common examinees and raters by leveraging AES technology.

Automated essay scoring models

Many AES methods have been developed over recent decades and can be broadly categorized into either feature-engineering or automatic feature extraction approaches (Hussein et al., 2019 ; Ke & Ng, 2019 ). The feature-engineering approach predicts essay scores using either a regression or classification model that employs manually designed features, such as essay length and the number of spelling errors (Amorim et al., 2018 ; Dascalu et al., 2017 ; Nguyen & Litman, 2018 ; Shermis & Burstein, 2002 ). The advantages of this approach include greater interpretability and explainability. However, it generally requires considerable effort in developing effective features to achieve high scoring accuracy for various datasets. Automatic feature extraction approaches based on deep neural networks (DNNs) have recently attracted attention as a means of eliminating the need for feature engineering. Many DNN-based AES models have been proposed in the last decade and have achieved state-of-the-art accuracy (Alikaniotis et al., 2016 ; Dasgupta et al., 2018 ; Farag et al., 2018 ; Jin et al., 2018 ; Mesgar & Strube, 2018 ; Mim et al., 2019 ; Nadeem et al., 2019 ; Ridley et al., 2021 ; Taghipour & Ng, 2016 ; Uto, 2021b ; Wang et al., 2018 ). In the next section, we introduce the most widely used DNN-based AES model, which utilizes Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) (Devlin et al., 2019 ).

BERT-based AES model

BERT, a pre-trained language model developed by Google’s AI language team, achieved state-of-the-art performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks in 2019 (Devlin et al., 2019 ). Since then, it has frequently been applied to AES (Rodriguez et al., 2019 ) and automated short-answer grading (Liu et al., 2019 ; Lun et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2019 ) and has demonstrated high accuracy.

BERT is structured as a multilayer bidirectional transformer network, where the transformer is a neural network architecture designed to handle ordered sequences of data using an attention mechanism. See Ref. (Vaswani et al., 2017 ) for details of transformers.

BERT undergoes training in two distinct phases, pretraining and fine-tuning . The pretraining phase utilizes massive volumes of unlabeled text data and is conducted through two unsupervised learning tasks, specifically, masked language modeling and next-sentence prediction . Masked language modeling predicts the identities of words that have been masked out of the input text, while next-sequence prediction predicts whether two given sentences are adjacent.

Fine-tuning is required to adapt a pre-trained BERT model for a specific NLP task, including AES. This entails retraining the BERT model using a task-specific supervised dataset after initializing the model parameters with pre-trained values and augmenting with task-specific output layers. For AES applications, the addition of a special token, [CLS] , at the beginning of each input is required. Then, BERT condenses the entire input text into a fixed-length real-valued hidden vector referred to as the distributed text representation , which corresponds to the output of the special token [CLS]  (Devlin et al., 2019 ). AES scores can thus be derived by feeding the distributed text representation into a linear layer with sigmoid activation , as depicted in Fig.  1 . More formally, let \( \varvec{h} \) be the distributed text representation. The linear layer with sigmoid activation is defined as \(\sigma (\varvec{W}\varvec{h}+\text{ b})\) , where \(\varvec{W}\) is a weight matrix and \(\text{ b }\) is a bias, both learned during the fine-tuning process. The sigmoid function \(\sigma ()\) maps its input to a value between 0 and 1. Therefore, the model is trained to minimize an error loss function between the predicted scores and the gold-standard scores, which are normalized to the [0, 1] range. Moreover, score prediction using the trained model is performed by linearly rescaling the predicted scores back to the original score range.

BERT-based AES model architecture. \(w_{jt}\) is the t -th word in the essay of examinee j , \(n_j\) is the number of words in the essay, and \(\hat{y}_{j}\) represents the predicted score from the model

Problems with AES model training

As mentioned above, to employ BERT-based and other DNN-based AES models, they must be trained or fine-tuned using a large dataset of essays that have been graded by human raters. Typically, the mean-squared error (MSE) between the predicted and the gold-standard scores serves as the loss function for model training. Specifically, let \(y_{j}\) be the normalized gold-standard score for the j -th examinee’s essay, and let \(\hat{y}_{j}\) be the predicted score from the model. The MSE loss function is then defined as

where J denotes the number of examinees, which is equivalent to the number of essays, in the training dataset.

Here, note that a large-scale training dataset is often created by assigning a few raters from a pool of potential raters to each essay to reduce the scoring burden and to increase scoring reliability. In such cases, the gold-standard score for each essay is commonly determined by averaging the scores given by multiple raters assigned to that essay. However, as discussed in earlier sections, these straightforward average scores are highly sensitive to rater characteristics. When training data includes rater bias effects, an AES model trained on that data can show decreased performance as a result of inheriting these biases (Amorim et al., 2018 ; Huang et al., 2019 ; Li et al., 2020 ; Wind et al., 2018 ). An AES method that uses IRT has been proposed to address this issue (Uto & Okano, 2021 ).

AES method using IRT

The main idea behind the AES method using IRT (Uto & Okano, 2021 ) is to train an AES model using the ability value \(\theta _j\) estimated by IRT models with rater parameters, such as MFRM and its extensions, from the data given by multiple raters for each essay, instead of a simple average score. Specifically, AES model training in this method occurs in two steps, as outlined in Fig.  2 .

Estimate the IRT-based abilities \(\varvec{\theta }\) from a score dataset, which includes scores given to essays by multiple raters.

Train an AES model given the ability estimates as the gold-standard scores. Specifically, the MSE loss function for training is defined as

where \(\hat{\theta }_j\) represents the AES’s predicted ability of the j -th examinee, and \(\theta _{j}\) is the gold-standard ability for the examinee obtained from Step 1. Note that the gold-standard scores are rescaled into the range [0, 1] by applying a linear transformation from the logit range \([-3, 3]\) to [0, 1]. See the original paper (Uto & Okano, 2021 ) for details.

Architecture of a BERT-based AES model that uses IRT

A trained AES model based on this method will not reflect bias effects because IRT-based abilities \(\varvec{\theta }\) are estimated while removing rater bias effects.

In the prediction phase, the score for an essay from examinee \(j^{\prime }\) is calculated in two steps.

Predict the IRT-based ability \(\theta _{j^{\prime }}\) for the examinee using the trained AES model, and then linearly rescale it to the logit range \([-3, 3]\) .

Calculate the expected score \(\mathbb {E}_{r,k}\left[ P_{j^{\prime }rk}\right] \) , which corresponds to an unbiased original-scaled score, given \(\theta _{j'}\) and the rater parameters. This is used as a predicted essay score in this method.

This method originally aimed to train an AES model while mitigating the impact of varying rater characteristics present in the training data. A key feature, however, is its ability to predict an examinee’s IRT-based ability from their essay texts. Our linking approach leverages this feature to enable test linking without requiring common examinees and raters.

Outline of our proposed method, steps 1 and 2

Outline of our proposed method, steps 3–6

Proposed method

The core idea behind our method is to develop an AES model that predicts examinee ability using score and essay data from the reference group, and then to use this model to predict the abilities of examinees in the focal group. These predictions are then used to estimate the linking coefficients for a linear linking. An outline of our method is illustrated in Figs.  3 and 4 . The detailed steps involved in the procedure are as follows.

Estimate the IRT model parameters from the reference group’s data \(\textbf{U}^{\text {ref}}\) to obtain \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {ref}}\) indicating the ability estimates of the examinees in the reference group.

Use the ability estimates \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {ref}}\) and the essays written by the examinees in the reference group to train the AES model that predicts examinee ability.

Use the trained AES model to predict the abilities of examinees in the focal group by inputting their essays. We designate these AES-predicted abilities as \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {foc}}_{\text {pred}}\) from here on. An important point to note is that the AES model is trained to predict ability values on the parameter scale aligned with the reference group’s data, meaning that the predicted abilities for examinees in the focal group follow the same scale.

Estimate the IRT model parameters from the focal group’s data \(\textbf{U}^{\text {foc}}\) .

Calculate the linking coefficients A and K using the AES-predicted abilities \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {foc}}_{\text {pred}}\) and the IRT-based ability estimates \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {foc}}\) for examinees in the focal group as follows.

where \({\mu }^{\text {foc}}_{\text {pred}}\) and \({\sigma }^{\text {foc}}_{\text {pred}}\) represent the mean and the SD of the AES-predicted abilities \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {foc}}_{\text {pred}}\) , respectively. Furthermore, \({\mu }^{\text {foc}}\) and \({\sigma }^{\text {foc}}\) represent the corresponding values for the IRT-based ability estimates \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {foc}}\) .

Apply linear linking based on the mean and sigma method given in Eq.  8 using the above linking coefficients and the parameter estimates for the focal group obtained in Step 4. This procedure yields parameter estimates for the focal group that are aligned with the scale of the parameters of the reference group.

As described in Step 3, the AES model used in our method is trained to predict examinee abilities on the scale derived from the reference data \(\textbf{U}^{\text {ref}}\) . Therefore, the abilities predicted by the trained AES model for the examinees in the focal group, denoted as \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}^{\text {foc}}_{\text {pred}}\) , also follow the ability scale derived from the reference data. Consequently, by using the AES-predicted abilities, we can infer the differences in the ability distribution between the reference and focal groups. This enables us to estimate the linking coefficients, which then allows us to perform linear linking based on the mean and sigma method. Thus, our method allows for test linking without the need for common examinees and raters.

It is important to note that the current AES model for predicting examinees’ abilities does not necessarily offer sufficient prediction accuracy for individual ability estimates. This implies that their direct use in mid- to high-stakes assessments could be problematic. Therefore, we focus solely on the mean and SD values of the ability distribution based on predicted abilities, rather than using individual predicted ability values. Our underlying assumption is that these AES models can provide valuable insights into differences in the ability distribution across various groups, even though the individual predictions might be somewhat inaccurate, thereby substantiating their utility for test linking.

Experiments

In this section, we provide an overview of the experiments we conducted using actual data to evaluate the effectiveness of our method.

Actual data

We used the dataset previously collected in Uto and Okano ( 2021 ). It consists of essays written in English by 1805 students from grades 7 to 10 along with scores from 38 raters for these essays. The essays originally came from the ASAP (Automated Student Assessment Prize) dataset, which is a well-known benchmark dataset for AES studies. The raters were native English speakers recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT), a popular crowdsourcing platform. To alleviate the scoring burden, only a few raters were assigned to each essay, rather than having all raters evaluate every essay. Rater assignment was conducted based on a systematic links design  (Shin et al., 2019 ; Uto, 2021a ; Wind & Jones, 2019 ) to achieve IRT-scale linking. Consequently, each rater evaluated approximately 195 essays, and each essay was graded by four raters on average. The raters were asked to grade the essays using a holistic rubric with five rating categories, which is identical to the one used in the original ASAP dataset. The raters were provided no training before the scoring process began. The average Pearson correlation between the scores from AMT raters and the ground-truth scores included in the original ASAP dataset was 0.70 with an SD of 0.09. The minimum and maximum correlations were 0.37 and 0.81, respectively. Furthermore, we also calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the scores from each AMT rater and the ground-truth scores. The average ICC was 0.60 with an SD of 0.15, and the minimum and maximum ICCs were 0.29 and 0.79, respectively. The calculation of the correlation coefficients and ICC for each AMT rater excluded essays that the AMT rater did not assess. Furthermore, because the ground-truth scores were given as the total scores from two raters, we divided them by two in order to align the score scale with the AMT raters’ scores.

For further analysis, we also evaluated the ICC among the AMT raters as their interrater reliability. In this analysis, missing value imputation was required because all essays were evaluated by a subset of AMT raters. Thus, we first applied multiple imputation with predictive mean matching to the AMT raters’ score dataset. In this process, we generated five imputed datasets. For each imputed dataset, we calculated the ICC among all AMT raters. Finally, we aggregated the ICC values from each imputed dataset to calculate the mean ICC and its SD. The results revealed a mean ICC of 0.43 with an SD of 0.01.

These results suggest that the reliability of raters is not necessarily high. This variability in scoring behavior among raters underscores the importance of applying IRT models with rater parameters. For further details of the dataset see Uto and Okano ( 2021 ).

Experimental procedures

Using this dataset, we conducted the following experiment for three IRT models with rater parameters, MFRM, MFRM with RSS, and GMFM, defined by Eqs.  5 , 6 , and 7 , respectively.

We estimated the IRT parameters from the dataset using the No-U-Turn sampler-based Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, given the prior distributions \(\theta _j, \beta _r, d_m, d_{rm} \sim N(0, 1)\) , and \(\alpha _r \sim LN(0, 0.5)\) following the previous work (Uto & Ueno, 2020 ). Here, \( N(\cdot , \cdot )\) and \(LN(\cdot , \cdot )\) indicate normal and log-normal distributions with mean and SD values, respectively. The expected a posteriori (EAP) estimator was used as the point estimates.

We then separated the dataset randomly into two groups, the reference group and the focal group, ensuring no overlap of examinees and raters between them. In this separation, we selected examinees and raters in each group to ensure distinct distributions of examinee abilities and rater severities. Various separation patterns were tested and are listed in Table  1 . For example, condition 1 in Table  1 means that the reference group comprised randomly selected high-ability examinees and low-severity raters, while the focal group comprised low-ability examinees and high-severity raters. Condition 2 provided a similar separation but controlled for narrower variance in rater severity in the focal group. Details of the group creation procedures can be found in Appendix  A .

Using the obtained data for the reference and focal groups, we conducted test linking using our method, the details of which are given in the Proposed method section. In it, the IRT parameter estimations were carried out using the same MCMC algorithm as in Step 1.

We calculated the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) between the IRT parameters for the focal group, which were linked using our proposed method, and their gold-standard parameters. In this context, the gold-standard parameters were obtained by transforming the scale of the parameters estimated from the entire dataset in Step 1 so that it aligned with that of the reference group. Specifically, we estimated the IRT parameters using data from the reference group and collected those estimated from the entire dataset in Step 1. Then, using the examinees in the reference group as common examinees, we applied linear linking based on the mean and sigma method to adjust the scale of the parameters estimated from the entire dataset to match that of the reference group.

For comparison, we also calculated the RMSE between the focal group’s IRT parameters, obtained without applying the proposed linking, and their gold-standard parameters. This functions as the worst baseline against which the results of the proposed method are compared. Additionally, we examined other baselines that use linear linking based on common examinees. For these baselines, we randomly selected five or ten examinees from the reference group, who were assigned scores by at least two focal group’s raters in the entire dataset. The scores given to these selected examinees by the focal group’s raters were then merged with the focal group’s data, where the added examinees worked as common examinees between the reference and focal groups. Using this data, we examined linear linking using common examinees. Specifically, we estimated the IRT parameters from the data of the focal group with common examinees and applied linear linking based on the mean and sigma method using the ability estimates of the common examinees to align its scale with that of the reference group. Finally, we calculated the RMSE between the linked parameter estimates for the examinees and raters belonging only to the original focal group and their gold-standard parameters. Note that this common examinee approach operates under more advantageous conditions compared with the proposed linking method because it can utilize larger samples for estimating the parameters of raters in the focal group.

We repeated Steps 2–5 ten times for each data separation condition and calculated the average RMSE for four cases: one in which our proposed linking method was applied, one without linking, and two others where linear linkings using five and ten common examinees were applied.

The parameter estimation program utilized in Steps 1, 4, and 5 was implemented using RStan (Stan Development Team, 2018 ). The EAP estimates were calculated as the mean of the parameter samples obtained from 2,000 to 5,000 periods using three independent chains. The AES model was developed in Python, leveraging the PyTorch library Footnote 2 . For the AES model training in Step 3, we randomly selected \(90\%\) of the data from the reference group to serve as the training set, with the remaining \(10\%\) designated as the development set. We limited the maximum number of steps for training the AES model to 800 and set the maximum number of epochs to 800 divided by the number of mini-batches. Additionally, we employed early stopping based on the performance on the development set. The AdamW optimization algorithm was used, and the mini-batch size was set to 8.

MCMC statistics and model fitting

Before delving into the results of the aforementioned experiments, we provide some statistics related to the MCMC-based parameter estimation. Specifically, we computed the Gelman–Rubin statistic \(\hat{R}\)  (Gelman et al., 2013 ; Gelman & Rubin, 1992 ), a well-established diagnostic index for convergence, as well as the effective sample size (ESS) and the number of divergent transitions for each IRT model during the parameter estimation phase in Step 1. Across all models, the \(\hat{R}\) statistics were below 1.1 for all parameters, indicating convergence of the MCMC runs. Furthermore, as shown in the first row of Table  2 , our ESS values for all parameters in all models exceeded the criterion of 400, which is considered sufficiently large according to Zitzmann and Hecht ( 2019 ). We also observed no divergent transitions in any of the cases. These results support the validity of the MCMC-based parameter estimation.

Furthermore, we evaluated the model – data fit for each IRT model during the parameter estimation step in Step 1. To assess this fit, we employed the posterior predictive p  value ( PPP -value) (Gelman et al., 2013 ), a commonly used metric for evaluating the model–data fit in Bayesian frameworks (Nering & Ostini, 2010 ; van der Linden, 2016 ). Specifically, we calculated the PPP -value using an averaged standardized residual, a conventional metric for IRT model fit in non-Bayesian settings, as a discrepancy function, similar to the approach in Nering and Ostini ( 2010 ); Tran ( 2020 ); Uto and Okano ( 2021 ). A well-fitted model yields a PPP -value close to 0.5, while poorly fitted models exhibit extreme low or high values, such as those below 0.05 or above 0.95. Additionally, we calculated two information criteria, the widely applicable information criterion (WAIC) (Watanabe, 2010 ) and the widely applicable Bayesian information criterion (WBIC) (Watanabe, 2013 ). The model that minimizes these criteria is considered optimal.

The last three rows in Table  2 shows the results. We can see that the PPP -value for GMFM is close to 0.5, indicating a good fit to the data. In contrast, the other models exhibit high values, suggesting a poor fit to the data. Furthermore, among the three IRT models evaluated, GMFM exhibits the lowest WAIC and WBIC values. These findings suggest that GMFM offers the best fit to the data, corroborating previous work that investigated the same dataset using IRT models (Uto & Okano, 2021 ). We provide further discussion about the model fit in the Analysis of rater characteristics section given later.

According to these results, the following section focuses on the results for GMFM. Note that we also include the results for MFRM and MFRM with RSS in Appendix  B , along with the open practices statement.

Effectiveness of our proposed linking method

The results of the aforementioned experiments for GMFM are shown in Table  3 . In the table, the Unlinked row represents the average RMSE between the focal group’s IRT parameters without applying our linking method and their gold-standard parameters. Similarly, the Linked by proposed method row represents the average RMSE between the focal group’s IRT parameters after applying our linking method and their gold-standard parameters. The rows labeled Linked by five/ten common examinees represent the results for linear linking using common examinees.

A comparison of the results from the unlinked condition and the proposed method reveals that the proposed method improved the RMSEs for the ability and rater severity parameters, namely, \(\theta _j\) and \(\beta _r\) , which we intentionally varied between the reference and focal groups. The degree of improvement is notably substantial when the distributional differences between the reference and focal groups are large, as is the case in Conditions 1–5. On the other hand, for Conditions 6–8, where the distributional differences are relatively minor, the improvements are also smaller in comparison. This is because the RMSEs for the unlinked parameters are already lower in these conditions than in Conditions 1–5. Nonetheless, it is worth emphasizing that the RMSEs after employing our linking method are exceptionally low in Conditions 6–8.

Furthermore, the table indicates that the RMSEs for the step parameters and rater consistency parameters, namely, \(d_{rm}\) and \(\alpha _r\) , also improved in many cases, while the impact of applying our linking method is relatively small for these parameters compared with the ability and rater severity parameters. This is because we did not intentionally vary their distribution between the reference and focal groups, and thus their distribution differences were smaller than those for the ability and rater severity parameters, as shown in the next section.

Comparing the results from the proposed method and linear linking using five common examinees, we observe that the proposed method generally exhibits lower RMSE values for the ability \(\theta _j\) and the rater severity parameters \(\beta _r\) , except for conditions 2–3. Furthermore, when comparing the proposed method with linear linking using ten common examinees, it achieves superior performance in conditions 4–8 and slightly lower performance in conditions 1–3 for \(\theta _j\) and \(\beta _r\) , while the differences are more minor overall than those observed when comparing the proposed method with the condition of five common examinees. Note that the reasons why the proposed method tends to show lower performance for conditions 1–3 are as follows.

The proposed method utilizes fewer samples to estimate the rater parameters compared with the linear linking method using common examinees.

In situations where distributional differences between the reference and focal groups are relatively large, as in conditions 1–3, constructing an accurate AES model for the focal group becomes challenging due to the limited overlap in the ability value range. We elaborate on this point in the next section.

Furthermore, in terms of the rater consistency parameter \(\alpha _r\) and the step parameter \(d_{rm}\) , the proposed method typically shows lower RMSE values compared with linear linking using common examinees. We attribute this to the fact that the performance of the linking method using common examinees is highly dependent on the choice of common examinees, which can sometimes result in significant errors in these parameters. This issue is also further discussed in the next section.

These results suggest that our method can perform linking with comparable accuracy to linear linking using few common examinees, even in the absence of common examinees and raters. Additionally, as reported in Tables  15 and 16 in Appendix  B , both MFRM and MFRM with RSS also exhibit a similar tendency, further validating the effectiveness of our approach regardless of the IRT models employed.

Detailed analysis

Analysis of parameter scale transformation using the proposed method.

In this section, we detail how our method transforms the parameter scale. To demonstrate this, we first summarize the mean and SD values of the gold-standard parameters for both the reference and focal groups in Table  4 . The values in the table are averages calculated from ten repetitions of the experimental procedures. The table shows that the mean and SD values of both examinee ability and rater severity vary significantly between the reference and focal groups following our intended settings, as outlined in Table  1 . Additionally, the mean and SD values for the rater consistency parameter \(\alpha _r\) and the rater-specific step parameters \(d_{rm}\) also differ slightly between the groups, although we did not intentionally alter them.

Second, the averaged values of the means and SDs of the parameters, estimated solely from either the reference or the focal group’s data over ten repetitions, are presented in Table  5 . The table reveals that the estimated parameters for both groups align with a normal distribution centered at nearly zero, despite the actual ability distributions differing between the groups. This phenomenon arises because IRT permits arbitrary scaling of parameters for each independent dataset, as mentioned in the Linking section. This leads to differences in the parameter scale for the focal group compared with their gold-standard values, thereby highlighting the need for parameter linking.

Next, the first two rows of Table  6 display the mean and SD values of the ability estimates for the focal group’s examinees, as predicted by the BERT-based AES model. In the table, the RMSE row indicates the RMSE between the AES-predicted ability values and the gold-standard ability values for the focal groups. The Linking Coefficients row presents the linking coefficients calculated based on the AES-predicted abilities. As with the abovementioned tables, these values are also averages over ten experimental repetitions. According to the table, for Conditions 6–8, where the distributional differences between the groups are relatively minor, both the mean and SD estimates align closely with those of the gold-standard parameters. In contrast, for Conditions 1–5, where the distributional differences are more pronounced, the mean and SD estimates tend to deviate from the gold-standard values, highlighting the challenges of parameter linking under such conditions.

In addition, as indicated in the RMSE row, the AES-predicted abilities may lack accuracy under specific conditions, such as Conditions 1, 2, and 3. This inaccuracy could arise because the AES model, trained on the reference group’s data, could not cover the ability range of the focal group due to significant differences in the ability distribution between the groups. Note that even in cases where the mean and SD estimates are relatively inaccurate, these values are closer to the gold-standard ones than those estimated solely from the focal group’s data. This leads to meaningful linking coefficients, which transform the focal group’s parameters toward the scale of their gold-standard values.

Finally, Table  7 displays the averaged values of the means and SDs of the focal group’s parameters obtained through our linking method over ten repetitions. Note that the mean and SD values of the ability estimates are the same as those reported in Table  6 because the proposed method is designed to align them. The table indicates that the differences in the mean and SD values between the proposed method and the gold-standard condition, shown in Table  4 , tend to be smaller compared with those between the unlinked condition, shown in Table  5 , and the gold-standard. To verify this point more precisely, Table  8 shows the average absolute differences in the mean and SD values of the parameters for the focal groups between the proposed method and the gold-standard condition, as well as those between the unlinked condition and the gold-standard. These values were calculated by averaging the absolute differences in the mean and SD values obtained from each of the ten repetitions, unlike the simple absolute differences in the values reported in Tables  4 and 7 . The table shows that the proposed linking method tends to derive lower values, especially for \(\theta _j\) and \(\beta _r\) , than the unlinked condition. Furthermore, this tendency is prominent for conditions 6–8 in which the distributional differences between the focal and reference groups are relatively small. These trends are consistent with the cases for which our method revealed high linking performance, detailed in the previous section.

In summary, the above analyses suggest that although the AES model’s predictions may not always be perfectly accurate, they can offer valuable insights into scale differences between the reference and focal groups, thereby facilitating successful IRT parameter linking without common examinees and raters.

We now present the distributions of examinee ability and rater severity for the focal group, comparing their gold-standard values with those before and after the application of the linking method. Figures  5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , and 12 are illustrative examples for the eight data-splitting conditions. The gray bars depict the distributions of the gold-standard parameters, the blue bars represent those of the parameters estimated from the focal group’s data, the red bars signify those of the parameters obtained using our linking method, and the green bars indicate the ability distribution as predicted by the BERT-based AES. The upper part of the figure presents results for examinee ability \(\theta _j\) and the lower part presents those for rater severity \(\beta _r\) .

The blue bars in these figures reveal that the parameters estimated from the focal group’s data exhibit distributions with different locations and/or scales compared with their gold-standard values. Meanwhile, the red bars reveal that the distributions of the parameters obtained through our linking method tend to align closely with those of the gold-standard parameters. This is attributed to the fact that the ability distributions for the focal group given by the BERT-based AES model, as depicted by the green bars, were informative for performing linear linking.

Analysis of the linking method based on common examinees

For a detailed analysis of the linking method based on common examinees, Table  9 reports the averaged values of means and SDs of the focal groups’ parameter estimates obtained by the linking method based on five and ten common examinees for each condition. Furthermore, Table  10 shows the average absolute differences between these values and those from the gold standard condition. Table  10 shows that an increase in the number of common examinees tends to lower the average absolute differences, which is a reasonable trend. Furthermore, comparing the results with those of the proposed method reported in Table  8 , the proposed method tends to achieve smaller absolute differences in conditions 4–8 for \(\theta _j\) and \(\beta _r\) , which is consistent with the tendency of the linking performance discussed in the “Effectiveness of our proposed linking method” section.

Note that although the mean and SD values in Table  9 are close to those of the gold-standard parameters shown in Table  4 , this does not imply that linear linking based on five or ten common examinees achieves high linking accuracy for each repetition. To explain this, Table  11 shows the means of the gold-standard ability values for the focal group and their estimates obtained from the proposed method and the linking method based on ten common examinees, for each of ten repetitions under condition 8. This table also shows the absolute differences between the estimated ability means and the corresponding gold-standard means.

Example of ability and rater severity distributions for the focal group under data-splitting condition 1

Example of ability and rater severity distributions for the focal group under data-splitting condition 2

Example of ability and rater severity distributions for the focal group under data-splitting condition 3

Example of ability and rater severity distributions for the focal group under data-splitting condition 4

Example of ability and rater severity distributions for the focal group under data-splitting condition 5

Example of ability and rater severity distributions for the focal group under data-splitting condition 6

Example of ability and rater severity distributions for the focal group under data-splitting condition 7

Example of ability and rater severity distributions for the focal group under data-splitting condition 8

The table shows that the results of the proposed method are relatively stable, consistently revealing low absolute differences for every repetition. In contrast, the results of linear linking based on ten common examinees vary significantly across repetitions, resulting in large absolute differences for some repetitions. These results yield a smaller average absolute difference for the proposed method compared with linear linking based on ten common examinees. However, in terms of the absolute difference in the averaged ability means, linear linking based on ten common examinees shows a smaller difference ( \(|0.38-0.33| = 0.05\) ) compared with the proposed method ( \(|0.38-0.46| = 0.08\) ). This occurs because the results of linear linking based on ten common examinees for ten repetitions fluctuate around the ten-repetition average of the gold standard, thereby canceling out the positive and negative differences. However, this does not imply that linear linking based on ten common examinees achieves high linking accuracy for each repetition. Thus, it is reasonable to interpret the average of the absolute differences calculated for each of the ten repetitions, as reported in Tables  8 and  10 .

This greater variability in performance of the linking method based on common examinees also relates to the tendency of the proposed method to show lower RMSE values for the rater consistency parameter \(\alpha _r\) and the step parameters \(d_{rm}\) compared with linking based on common examinees, as mentioned in the Effectiveness of our proposed linking method section. In that section, we mentioned that this is due to the fact that linear linking based on common examinees is highly dependent on the selection of common examinees, which can sometimes lead to significant errors in these parameters.

To confirm this point, Table  12 displays the SD of RMSEs calculated from ten repetitions of the experimental procedures for both the proposed method and linear linking using ten common examinees. The table indicates that the linking method using common examinees tends to exhibit larger SD values overall, suggesting that this linking method sometimes becomes inaccurate, as we also exemplified in Table  11 . This variability also implies that the estimation of the linking coefficient can be unstable.

Furthermore, the tendency of having larger SD values in the common examinee approach is particularly pronounced for the step parameters at the extreme categories, namely, \(d_{r2}\) and \(d_{r5}\) . We consider this comes from the instability of linking coefficients and the fact that the step parameters for the extreme categories tend to have large absolute values (see Table  13 for detailed estimates). Linear linking multiplies the step parameters by a linking coefficient A , although applying an inappropriate linking coefficient to larger absolute values can have a more substantial impact than when applied to smaller values. We concluded that this is why the RMSEs of the step difficulty parameters in the common examinee approach were deteriorated compared with those in the proposed method. The same reasoning would be applicable to the rater consistency parameter, given that it is distributed among positive values with a mean over one. See Table  13 for details.

Prerequisites of the proposed method

As demonstrated thus far, the proposed method can perform IRT parameter linking without the need for common examinees and raters. As outlined in the Introduction section, certain testing scenarios may encounter challenges or incur significant costs in assembling common examinees or raters. Our method provides a viable solution in these situations. However, it does come with specific prerequisites and inherent costs.

The prerequisites of our proposed method are as follows.

The same essay writing task is offered to both the reference and focal groups, and the written essays for it are scored by different groups of raters using the same rubric.

Raters will function identically across both the reference and focal groups, and the established scales can be adjusted through linear transformations. This implies that there are no systematic differences in scoring that are correlated with the groups but are unrelated to the measured construct, such as differential rater functioning (Leckie & Baird, 2011 ; Myford & Wolfe, 2009 ; Uto, 2023 ; Wind & Guo, 2019 ).

The ability ranges of the reference and focal groups require some overlap because the ability prediction accuracy of the AES decreases as the differences in the ability distributions between the groups increases, as discussed in the Detailed analysis section. This is a limitation of this approach, which requires future studies to overcome.

The reference group consists of a sufficient number of examinees for training AES models using their essays as training data.

Related to the fourth point, we conducted an additional experiment to investigate the number of samples required to train AES models. In this experiment, we assessed the ability prediction accuracy of the BERT-based AES model used in this study by varying the number of training samples. The detailed experimental procedures are outlined below.

Estimate the ability of all 1805 examinees from the entire dataset based on the GMFM.

Randomly split the examinees into 80% (1444) and 20% (361) groups. The 20% subset, consisting of examinees’ essays and their ability estimates, was used as test data to evaluate the ability prediction accuracy of the AES model trained through the following steps.

The 80% subset was further divided into 80% (1155) and 20% (289) groups. Here, the essays and ability estimates of the 80% subset were used as the training data, while those of the 20% served as development data for selecting the optimal epoch.

Train the BERT-based AES model using the training data and select the optimal epoch that minimizes the RMSE between the predicted and gold-standard ability values for the development set.

Use the trained AES model at the optimal epoch to evaluate the RMSE between the predicted and gold-standard ability values for the test data.

Randomly sample 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 750, and 1000 examinees from the training data created in Step 3.

Train the AES model using each sampled set as training data, and select the optimal epoch using the same development data as before.

Use the trained AES model to evaluate the RMSE for the same test data as before.

Repeat Steps 2–8 five times and calculate the average RMSE for the test data.

Relationship between the number of training samples and the ability prediction accuracy of AES

Item response curves of four representative raters found in experiments using actual data

Figure  13 displays the results. The horizontal axis represents the number of training samples, and the vertical axis shows the RMSE values. Each plot illustrates the average RMSE, with error bars indicating the SD ranges. The results demonstrate that larger sample sizes enhance the accuracy of the AES model. Furthermore, while the RMSE decreases significantly when the sample size is small, the improvements tend to plateau beyond 500 samples. This suggests that, for this dataset, approximately 500 samples would be sufficient to train the AES model with reasonable accuracy. However, note that the required number of samples may vary depending on the essay tasks. A detailed analysis of the relationship between the required number of samples and the characteristics of essay writing tasks is planned for future work.

An inherent cost associated with the proposed method is the computational expense required to construct the BERT-based AES model. Specifically, a computer with a reasonably powerful GPU is necessary to efficiently train the AES model. In this study, for example, we utilized an NVIDIA Tesla T4 GPU on Google Colaboratory. To elaborate on the computational expense, we calculated the computation times and costs for the above experiment under a condition where 1155 training samples were used. Consequently, training the AES model with 1155 samples, including evaluating the RMSE for the development set of 289 essays in each epoch, took approximately 10 min in total. Moreover, it required about 10 s to predict the abilities of 361 examinees from their essays using the trained model. The computational units consumed on Google Colaboratory for both training and inference amounted to 0.44, which corresponds to approximately $0.044. These costs and the time required are significantly smaller than what is required for human scoring.

Analysis of rater characteristics

The MCMC statistics and model fitting section demonstrated that the GMFM provides a better fit to the actual data compared with the MFRM and MFRM with RSS. To explain this, Table  13 shows the rater parameters estimated by the GMFM using the entire dataset. Additionally, Fig.  14 illustrates the item response curves (IRCs) for raters 3, 16, 31, and 34, where the horizontal axis represents the ability \(\theta _j\) , and the vertical axis depicts the response probability for each category.

The table and figure reveal that the raters exhibit diverse and unique characteristics in terms of severity, consistency, and range restriction. For instance, Rater 3 demonstrates nearly average values for all parameters, indicating standard rating characteristics. In contrast, Rater 16 exhibits a pronounced extreme response tendency, as evidenced by higher \(d_{r2}\) and lower \(d_{r5}\) values. Additionally, Rater 31 is characterized by a low severity score, generally preferring higher scores (four and five). Rater 34 exhibits a low consistency value \(\alpha _r\) , which results in minimal variation in response probabilities among categories. This indicates that the rater is likely to assign different ratings to essays of similar quality.

As detailed in the Item Response Theory section, the GMFM can capture these variations in rater severity, consistency, and range restriction simultaneously, while the MFRM and MFRM with RSS can consider only its subsets. We can infer that this capability, along with the large variety of rater characteristics, contributed to the superior model fit of the GMFM compared with the other models.

It is important to note that, the proposed method is also useful for facilitating linking for MFRM and MFRM with RSS, even though the model fits for them were relatively worse, as well as for the GMFM, which we mentioned earlier and is shown in Appendix B .

Effect of using cloud workers as raters

As we detailed in the Actual data section, we used scores given by untrained non-expert cloud workers instead of expert raters. A concern with using raters from cloud workers without adequate training is the potential for greater variability in rating characteristics compared with expert raters. This variability is evidenced by the diverse correlations between the raters’ scores and their ground truth, reported in the Actual data section, and the large variety of rater parameters discussed above. These observations suggest the importance of the following two strategies for ensuring reliable essay scoring when employing crowd workers as raters.

Assigning a larger number of raters to each essay than would typically be used with expert raters.

Estimating the standardized essay scores while accounting for differences in rater characteristics, potentially through the use of IRT models that incorporate rater parameters, which we used in this study.

In this study, we propose a novel IRT-based linking method for essay-writing tests that uses AES technology to enable parameter linking based on IRT models with rater parameters across multiple groups in which neither examinees nor raters are shared. Specifically, we use a deep neural AES method capable of predicting IRT-based examinee abilities based on their essays. The core concept of our approach involves developing an AES model to predict examinee abilities using data from a reference group. This AES model is then applied to predict the abilities of examinees in the focal group. These predictions are used to estimate the linking coefficients required for linear linking. Experimental results with real data demonstrate that our method successfully accomplishes test linking with accuracy comparable to that of linear linking using few common examinees.

In our experiments, we compared the linking performance of the proposed method with linear linking based on the mean and sigma method using only five or ten common examinees. However, such a small number of common examinees is generally insufficient for accurate linear linking and thus leads to unstable estimation of linking coefficients, as discussed in the “Analysis of the linking method based on common examinees” section. Although this study concluded that our method could perform linking with accuracy comparable to that of linear linking using few common examinees, further detailed evaluations of our method involving comparisons with various conventional linking methods using different numbers of common examinees and raters will be the target of future work.

Additionally, our experimental results suggest that although the AES model may not provide sufficient predictive accuracy for individual examinee abilities, it does tend to yield reasonable mean and SD values for the ability distribution of focal groups. This lends credence to our assumption stated in the Proposed method section that AES models incorporating IRT can offer valuable insights into differences in ability distribution across various groups, thereby validating their utility for test linking. This result also supports the use of the mean and sigma method for linking. While concurrent calibration, another common linking method, requires highly accurate individual AES-predicted abilities to serve as anchor values, linear linking through the mean and sigma method necessitates only the mean and SD of the ability distribution. Given that the AES model can provide accurate estimates for these statistics, successful linking can be achieved, as shown in our experiments.

A limitation of this study is that our method is designed for test situations where a single essay writing item is administered to multiple groups, each comprising different examinees and raters. Consequently, the method is not directly applicable for linking multiple tests that offer different items. Developing an extension of our approach to accommodate such test situations is one direction for future research. Another involves evaluating the effectiveness of our method using other datasets. To the best of our knowledge, there are no open datasets that include examinee essays along with scores from multiple assigned raters. Therefore, we plan to develop additional datasets and to conduct further evaluations. Further investigation of the impact of the AES model’s accuracy on linking performance is also warranted.

Availability of data and materials

The data and materials from our experiments are available at https://github.com/AI-Behaviormetrics/LinkingIRTbyAES.git . This includes all experimental results and a sample dataset.

Code availability

The source code for our linking method, developed in R and Python, is available in the same GitHub repository.

The original paper referred to this model as the generalized MFRM. However, in this paper, we refer to it as GMFM because it does not strictly belong to the family of Rasch models.

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This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Numbers 19H05663, 21H00898, and 23K17585.

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All results presented from our experiments for all models, including MFRM, MFRM with RSS, and GMFM, as well as the results for each repetition, are available for download at https://github.com/AI-Behaviormetrics/LinkingIRTbyAES.git . This repository also includes programs for performing our linking method, along with a sample dataset. These programs were developed using R and Python, along with RStan and PyTorch. Please refer to the README file for information on program usage and data format details.

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Appendix A: Data splitting procedures

In this appendix, we explain the detailed procedures used to construct the reference group and the focal group while aiming to ensure distinct distributions of examinee abilities and rater severities, as outlined in experimental Procedure 2 in the Experimental procedures section.

Let \(\mu ^{\text {all}}_\theta \) and \(\sigma ^{\text {all}}_\theta \) be the mean and SD of the examinees’ abilities estimated from the entire dataset in Procedure 1 of the Experimental procedures section. Similarly, let \(\mu ^{\text {all}}_\beta \) and \(\sigma ^{\text {all}}_\beta \) be the mean and SD of the rater severity parameter estimated from the entire dataset. Using these values, we set target mean and SD values of abilities and severities for both the reference and focal groups. Specifically, let \(\acute{\mu }^{\text {ref}}_{\theta }\) and \(\acute{\sigma }^{\text {ref}}_{\theta }\) denote the target mean and SD for the abilities of examinees in the reference group, and \(\acute{\mu }^{\text {ref}}_{\beta }\) and \(\acute{\sigma }^{\text {ref}}_{\beta }\) be those for the rater severities in the reference group. Similarly, let \(\acute{\mu }^{\text {foc}}_{\theta }\) , \(\acute{\sigma }^{\text {foc}}_{\theta }\) , \(\acute{\mu }^{\text {foc}}_{\beta }\) , and \(\acute{\sigma }^{\text {foc}}_{\beta }\) represent the target mean and SD for the examinee abilities and rater severities in the focal group. Each of the eight conditions in Table 1 uses these target values, as summarized in Table  14 .

Given these target means and SDs, we constructed the reference and focal groups for each condition through the following procedure.

Prepare the entire set of examinees and raters along with their ability and severity estimates. Specifically, let \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}\) and \(\hat{\varvec{\beta }}\) be the collections of ability and severity estimates, respectively.

Randomly sample a value from the normal distribution \(N(\acute{\mu }^{\text {ref}}_\theta , \acute{\sigma }^{\text {ref}}_\theta )\) , and choose an examinee with \(\hat{\theta }_j \in \hat{\varvec{\theta }}\) nearest to the sampled value. Add the examinee to the reference group, and remove it from the remaining pool of examinee candidates \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}\) .

Similarly, randomly sample a value from \(N(\acute{\mu }^{\text {ref}}_\beta ,\acute{\sigma }^{\text {ref}}_\beta )\) , and choose a rater with \(\hat{\beta }_j \in \hat{\varvec{\beta }}\) nearest to the sampled value. Then, add the rater to the reference group, and remove it from the remaining pool of rater candidates \(\hat{\varvec{\beta }}\) .

Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for the focal group, using \(N(\acute{\mu }^{\text {foc}}_\theta , \) \(\acute{\sigma }^{\text {foc}}_\theta )\) and \(N(\acute{\mu }^{\text {foc}}_\beta ,\acute{\sigma }^{\text {foc}}_\beta )\) as the sampling distributions.

Continue to repeat Steps 2, 3, and 4 until the pools \(\hat{\varvec{\theta }}\) and \(\hat{\varvec{\beta }}\) are empty.

Given the examinees and raters in each group, create the data for the reference group \(\textbf{U}^{\text {ref}}\) and the focal group \(\textbf{U}^{\text {foc}}\) .

Remove examinees from each group, as well as their data, if they have received scores from only one rater, thereby ensuring that each examinee is graded by at least two raters.

Appendix B: Experimental results for MFRM and MFRM with RSS

The experiments discussed in the main text focus on the results obtained from GMFM, as this model demonstrated the best fit to the dataset. However, it is important to note that our linking method is not restricted to GMFM and can also be applied to other models, including MFRM and MFRM with RSS. Experiments involving these models were carried out in the manner described in the Experimental procedures section, and the results are shown in Tables  15 and 16 . These tables reveal trends similar to those observed for GMFM, validating the effectiveness of our linking method under the MFRM and MFRM with RSS as well.

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Uto, M., Aramaki, K. Linking essay-writing tests using many-facet models and neural automated essay scoring. Behav Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02485-2

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Accepted : 26 July 2024

Published : 20 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02485-2

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