Multiple author : Last, First, and First, Last.
2. " "
3. ,
If your source is found in a larger source, like an article in a magazine, list the title of the overall source.
: ,
Include if your source has a volume, issue, episode or series number. You will see this with volumes of encyclopedias, journal articles or tv shows.
: vol. 24, no. 1,
2. Your source may not contain information in all of these categories, so only include the information you have. 3. Pay attention to the punctuation. Put periods after the author, title of the source, and at the very end. Put commas in between everything else.
This is a basic overview of MLA Works Cited page. For more details and help with specific source formats, check out Purdue's Online Writing Lab MLA guide on:
Periodicals
Media and Audio/Visual sources
Electronic Sources
Creating mla citations: examples, paper formatting guidelines & sample papers, in-text citations & the list of works cited, examples of works cited & in-text citations, software tools for mla style, works cited for this page.
MLA stands for Modern Language Association. MLA Style is an established style for formatting your paper and giving credit to your sources.
This page provides resources for all the elements of a preparing a paper in MLA Style, including formatting, in-text citations, and the works cited list.
Disciplines at Caldwell that use MLA Style include English, history, theology, philosophy, and others.
from MLA Handbook chapter 5.100-103, The Three Most Common Types of Entries
Works cited page entry.
Lorensen, Jutta. “Between Image and Word, Color, and Time: Jacob Lawrence’s The Migration Series.” African American Review , vol. 40, no. 3, 2006, pp. 571-86. Academic Search Premier, each.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? Drect=true&db=f5h&AN=24093790&site=eho st-live.
(Lorensen 577)
Fessenden, Ford, et al. "The Battle for New York's Key Voting Blocs in the Primaries." New York Times , 19 Apr. 2016, p. A 14. ProQuest Central , ezproxy.caldwell.edu:2048/login?url=http:// search.proquest.com/ docview/1781721245?accountid=26523.
(Fessenden et al. A14)
Chang, Kenneth. “NASA Will Send More Helicopters to Mars.” The New York Times , 27 July 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/science/mars-sample-mission-nasa.html.
Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich. The Crown of Columbus . HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.
(Dorris and Erdrich 110-12)
Copeland, Edward. “Money.” The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , edited by Copeland and Juliet McMaster, Cambridge UP, 1997, pp. 131-48.
(Copeland 135)
“Infographic: Benefits of Language Learning.” Modern Language Association , 2022, www.mla.org/Resources/Advocacy/Infographics/Infographic-Benefits-of-Language-Learning.
("Inforgraphic: Benefits of Language Learning")
Mamma Mia . Directed by Phyllida Lloyd, Universal Pictures, 2008. Netflix app.
( Mamma Mia ) or ( Mamma Mia 59:03-61:23) - cite a specific scene with timestamps in the page number spot
There are many tools that can help you create, manage, and organize your citations and your references page. Here are some that the library provides or recommends for students and faculty.
NoodleTools is an online tool that helps you take notes and correctly format citations. MLA, APA, and Chicago/Turabian citation styles are included. Use throughout your research project to track sources, take notes, create outlines, collaborate with classmates, and format bibliographies. Use this link to create an account.
The information on this page comes from the MLA Handbook, 9th Edition. This book can be cited in MLA style like this:
MLA Handbook. 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.
The elements used here are: [2. Title of source] MLA Handbook. [5. Version] 9th ed., [7. Publisher] Modern Language Association of America, [8. Publication date] 2021. Because the publisher is an organization who is also the author, this organization - the Modern Language Association - is only listed once, as the publisher.
An in-text citation for this handbook could be ( MLA Handbook 45) to refer specifically to something on page 45.
The Modern Language Association uses the MLA Handbook to provide guidelines on MLA Style, which is the citation style you will be using in this class to format your papers and cite your sources. Included on this page are important documents and links that will help you to use MLA properly.
New MLA 9 rules state that the citation should NOT include http:\\
For example, https://roadtrippers.com/the-ultimate-guide-route-66/ should be changed to roadtrippers.com/the-ultimate-guide-route-66/
· The CSN Centers for Academic Success is offering online tutoring to CSN Students through Brainfuse .
Brainfuse offers free online tutoring, writing services and homework assistance 24/7. Certified Brainfuse tutors provide live, on-demand tutoring and assignment help in a variety of subjects. Brainfuse tutors meet students where they are at in order to effectively help students of all skill levels. To access services, students can log into their GoCSN account and then into Canvas. Students can choose a listed course on the left and then click on Brainfuse Online Tutoring.
For more information, watch the video below:
APA video guide from Purdue OWL
Use this flowchart to determine when to include DOIs, URLs, or database information for your reference citations. The notation “Ex: 1, 2...” refers to a few relevant examples in Chapter 7 of the 6th ed. of the APA Publication Manual (see also pp. 188–192).
If you have bibliographic data for an item and would like to find the DOI, please use the metadata section of this form. If you only have an article title and author, please use the article title search section of this form. If you have the text of a bibliographic reference, please use our automatic parsing service on this page. If you are a developer and wish to submit a raw XML query use the XML form section of this page.
Create a formatted bibliography for your paper or cite references while you write. Locate citations Microsoft Word (requires plug-in) with the Cite While You Write™ technology (patent pending). Format papers in other word processors using RTF (rich text format) files. Create an independent bibliography list that can be saved, emailed, or printed instantly
Research and Citation Conducting Research Using Research APA Style MLA Style Chicago Manual
If you use a Citation Builder ,
Please be aware that automatically generated citations may not provide accurate results.
If you choose to use a citation generator, like the citation tool in the database or free online citation generators, then take the time to make the necessary corrections using this MLA guide.
Remember: It is your responsibility to double-check the results!
GENERAL RESOURCE:
FORMATTING / STYLE:
IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
WORKS CITED:
Please consult the APA Publication Manual even if you use a program to create citations for you. The citations created by these programs frequently are close, but not exact . Print copies of the APA Publication Manual are available in the library. The brief document below gives examples of APA references for common types of sources. Alternatively, the Purdue OWL is an updated, excellent source for APA Styling.
Click for information on APA Style
YOU SHOULD CITE WHEN:
WHEN REFERRING TO A SOURCE, YOU HAVE THREE OPTIONS FOR USING IT:
"Which option you should choose depends on how much of a source you are using, how you are using it, and what kind of paper you are writing, since different fields use sources in different ways." Grounds for Argument. When to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize a Source . Used under CC BY NC SA
Image: Random quote by Gabriel Jones . Used under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
YOU DO NOT NEED TO CITE:
WHAT IS A DIRECT QUOTATION:
" Must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author." Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2012). Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
BE ADVISED:
Most of the time when you cite a source, you want to summarize or paraphrase. Direct quotations should be used sparingly when the situation meets the criteria above. When you do use direct quotations:
HOW TO CITE A DIRECT QUOTATION:
WHAT IS A SUMMARY:
" Involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s).... Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material." Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2012). Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
"Similar to paraphrasing, summarizing involves using your own words and writing style to express another author's ideas. Unlike the paraphrase, which presents important details, the summary presents only the most important ideas of the passage." University of Houston-Victoria Student Success Center (n.d.). Decide when to Quote, Paraphrase & Summarize.
HOW TO CITE A SUMMARY:
WHAT IS A PARAPHRASE:
"A paraphrase is a detailed restatement in your own words of a written or sometimes spoken source material. Apart from the changes in organization, wording, and sentence structure, the paraphrase should be nearly identical in meaning to the original passage. It should also be near the same length as the original passage and present the details of the original." University of Houston-Victoria Student Success Center (n.d.). Decide when to Quote, Paraphrase & Summarize.
Paraphrasing is "your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form." Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2012). Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
HOW TO CITE A PARAPHRASE:
COMMON KNOWLEDGE:
It doesn't necessarily mean that most people would know it offhand. And sometimes it's a judgment call because what seems like common knowledge to one person isn't to another. H ere are good rules of thumb:
CAUTION: Opinions and unique terminology/phrasing do not qualify as common knowledge.
READ THE SOURCE IN ITS ENTIRETY
TAKE DETAILED NOTES AS YOU READ
RETURN TO YOUR NOTES LATER
CONSULT WITH THE EXPERTS
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Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.
Note: On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998) finds ).
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.
On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.
Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining
( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media .)
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).
You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.
Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.
Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work.
In scholarly writing, it is essential to acknowledge how others contributed to your work. By following the principles of proper citation, writers ensure that readers understand their contribution in the context of the existing literature—how they are building on, critically examining, or otherwise engaging the work that has come before.
APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism.
We also provide specific guidance for in-text citation, including formats for interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications; in-text citations in general; and paraphrases and direct quotations.
Academic Writer ®
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Course Adoption
Teaching APA Style? Become a course adopter of the 7th edition Publication Manual
Instructional Aids
Guides, checklists, webinars, tutorials, and sample papers for anyone looking to improve their knowledge of APA Style
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Learn how to cite sources in your text using MLA style, which involves providing relevant source information in parentheses. Find out the basic rules, guidelines, and examples for different types of sources, such as books, articles, poems, and web pages.
Paraphrasing is a way to use a text without quoting it directly, by expressing the essential information and ideas in a new form. Learn the steps to effective paraphrasing, the benefits of this skill, and the difference between paraphrasing and plagiarism.
Learn how to use different expressions to introduce quotations, paraphrases, or pieces of information borrowed from sources in APA, MLA, and Chicago style. See examples of signal phrases with verbs and without verbs, and how to express disagreement with a source.
Include a full in-text citation with the author name and page number (if there is one). For example: Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt 65). Paraphrasing from Multiple Pages. If the paraphrased information/idea is from several pages, include them.
Learn how to format MLA in-text citations according to the 9th edition of the MLA Handbook. Find examples, rules, and tips for citing sources with or without authors, page numbers, titles, and more.
Learn how to paraphrase effectively and cite your sources in MLA style. Find out the definition, benefits, steps, and examples of paraphrasing, as well as the rules and formats of MLA in-text citations.
Examples of In-Text Citations. The following examples display in-text citations. Although all three examples are different they are still correct because they include the author's last name, quotation or paraphrase, and the page number. Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Learn how to create MLA in-text citations, such as citations in prose and parenthetical citations, with examples and a reference chart. Find out the differences between in-text citations and full references, and how to handle various source types and situations.
MLA style considers common knowledge to be information which could be found in common reference sources, for example, the name of the 16th President or the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Rules for In-Text Citation: When you cite a source, include the author's last name and the page number where you found the information that you are citing.
MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): In-Text Citation
A Works Cited page at the end of your paper that includes all the sources. MLA Style's in-text citations use parenthetical citations that consist of an author-page style. The author's last name and page number (s) from where the quotation or paraphrase is taken appears in the text. The structure of the in-text citation will depend on whether ...
Learn how to cite sources using MLA 9th edition, including how to format the Works Cited page and in-text citations. The web page explains the core elements of a citation, such as author, title, container, and number, and provides examples and tips.
In-text citations are references in the body of your paper that point readers to the entries in your Works Cited page. The basic format is (Last name Page #) "Only four percent of the population voted in the last municipal elections" (Smith 15). You could also incorporate the author's name into the sentence and put only the page number in the ...
Learn how to cite sources in MLA style using signal phrases and parentheses. Find out how to format citations for direct quotes, paraphrases, and works by two authors.
Paraphrasing is taking the information from a source and re-interpreting it into your own words. In contrast, direct quotation is copying the information directly from the source without changing any of the wording in your essay. When to Use What. Although they both serve the same purpose of reinforcing and supporting your claims, paraphrasing ...
Citing in MLA. And here is how your article citation would look if you're using MLA. In-text citation: Parents should be concerned about online advertising. These advertisers are manipulative, and children are more vulnerable than most parents expect (Cornish 454). Works Cited page:
In text citation for MLA generally requires two pieces of information: 1. Author's last name. 2. The page number the information came from. The in-text citation is often included at the end of a quote or paraphrase and is formatted like this: (Author's Last Name p#). However, the placement of the in-text can change depending on whether or not ...
Call Number: LB 2369.M52 2021. ISBN: 9781603293518. Publication Date: 2021-04-06. The MLA Handbook is the official source for current MLA Style guidelines. Access MLA Handbook Plus online here or go to the information desk & ask to use the reserve hard copy. Quoting and Paraphrasing in MLA Format.
the IN-TEXT CITATIONS. -WORKS CITED PAGE = a list of all sources you used in your paper, including all the info necessary for your reader to track them down on their own -IN-TEXT CITATIONS or "parenthetical citations" are the parentheses that you put at the end of a quote or paraphrase - e.g. (Hawking 786). In-text citations
Learn how to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries to incorporate other writers' work into your own writing. Find out the differences, purposes, and tips for each method, and practice with an example text.
Example 9th ed. MLA Citations - Handouts; MLA 9 Purdue Owl; APA Style - Formatting Your Paper; Example 7th ed. APA Citations - Handouts; APA 7 Purdue Owl This link opens in a new window; Chicago Manual of Style ... Paraphrases are the same length or shorter than the original text. If you paraphrase material well, it shows your understanding of ...
The Modern Language Association uses the MLA Handbook to provide guidelines on MLA Style, which is the citation style you will be using in this class to format your papers and cite your sources.Included on this page are important documents and links that will help you to use MLA properly. New MLA 9 rules state that the citation should NOT include http:\\
Purdue OWL; Research and Citation Conducting Research Using Research APA Style MLA Style Chicago Manual. MLA Citation. MLA Handbook by The Modern Language Association of America. ISBN: 9781603292658. ... offering detailed guidance on in-text citations, quoting and paraphrasing, avoiding plagiarism, and more. Intended for students, teachers ...
Learn how to format quotations in MLA style according to their length and type. Short quotations (four lines or fewer of prose or three lines of verse) should be enclosed in double quotation marks, while long quotations should be indented 1/2 inch and omitting quotation marks.
Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2012). Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing. USE IT: "When the wording is less important than the meaning of the source" University of Houston-Victoria Student Success Center (n.d.). Decide when to Quote, Paraphrase & Summarize. If a summary would not provide enough specific details; HOW TO CITE A ...
Learn how to cite sources in APA style using the author-date method, with examples of quotations, paraphrases, and block quotations. Find out how to format titles, capitalization, and page numbers in your in-text citations.
Learn how to acknowledge the work of others in your scholarly writing with APA Style in-text citations. Find out the formats, levels, and rules for different types of sources, such as interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications.