higher chemistry problem solving

Higher Chemistry Resources

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Higher Chemistry Past Papers

Browse our range of Chemistry Higher Tier Past Papers below. Testing yourself with past papers is a great way to identify which topics need more revision, so you can ensure that you are revising effectively as possible to help you get ready for your Chemistry exams.

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Fran studied for a BSc in Chemistry with Forensic Science, and since graduating taught A level Chemistry in the UK for over 11 years. She studied for an MBA in Senior Leadership, and has held a number of roles during her time in Education, including Head of Chemistry, Head of Science and most recently as an Assistant Headteacher. In this role, she used her passion for education to drive improvement and success for staff and students across a number of subjects in addition to Science, supporting them to achieve their full potential. Fran has co-written Science textbooks, delivered CPD for teachers, and worked as an examiner for a number of UK exam boards.

20,000 + revision notes, 100,000 + practice questions and model answers, past papers and mark schemes...all tailored to your exams.

Problems and Problem Solving in Chemistry Education: Analysing Data, Looking for Patterns and Making Deductions

Problem solving is central to the teaching and learning of chemistry at secondary, tertiary and post-tertiary levels of education, opening to students and professional chemists alike a whole new world for analysing data, looking for patterns and making deductions. As an important higher-order thinking skill, problem solving also constitutes a major research field in science education. Relevant education research is an ongoing process, with recent developments occurring not only in the area of quantitative/computational problems, but also in qualitative problem solving.

The following situations are considered, some general, others with a focus on specific areas of chemistry: quantitative problems, qualitative reasoning, metacognition and resource activation, deconstructing the problem-solving process, an overview of the working memory hypothesis, reasoning with the electron-pushing formalism, scaffolding organic synthesis skills, spectroscopy for structural characterization in organic chemistry, enzyme kinetics, problem solving in the academic chemistry laboratory, chemistry problem-solving in context, team-based/active learning, technology for molecular representations, IR spectra simulation, and computational quantum chemistry tools. The book concludes with methodological and epistemological issues in problem solving research and other perspectives in problem solving in chemistry.

With a foreword by George Bodner.

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Problems and Problem Solving in Chemistry Education: Analysing Data, Looking for Patterns and Making Deductions, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021.

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• Front Matter
• Acknowledgments
• Author Biographies
• Chapter 1: Introduction − The Many Types and Kinds of Chemistry Problems p1-14 By Georgios Tsaparlis Georgios Tsaparlis University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry Ioannina Greece [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 1: Introduction − The Many Types and Kinds of Chemistry Problems in another window
• Chapter 2: Qualitative Reasoning in Problem-solving in Chemistry p15-37 By Vicente Talanquer Vicente Talanquer Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 2: Qualitative Reasoning in Problem-solving in Chemistry in another window
• Chapter 3: Scaffolding Metacognition and Resource Activation During Problem Solving: A Continuum Perspective p38-67 By Nicole Graulich ; Nicole Graulich Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Germany Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Axel Langner ; Axel Langner Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Germany Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Kimberly Vo ; Kimberly Vo Monash University Australia [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Elizabeth Yuriev Elizabeth Yuriev Monash University Australia [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 3: Scaffolding Metacognition and Resource Activation During Problem Solving: A Continuum Perspective in another window
• Chapter 4: Deconstructing the Problem-solving Process: Beneath Assigned Points and Beyond Traditional Assessment p68-92 By Ozcan Gulacar ; Ozcan Gulacar University of California, Davis, Department of Chemistry One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Charlie Cox ; Charlie Cox Duke University, Department of Chemistry Box 90346, 128 Science Drive Durham NC 27708-0346 USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Herb Fynewever Herb Fynewever Calvin University, Department of Chemistry 3201 Burton SE Grand Rapids MI 49546 USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 4: Deconstructing the Problem-solving Process: Beneath Assigned Points and Beyond Traditional Assessment in another window
• Chapter 5: It Depends on the Problem and on the Solver: An Overview of the Working Memory Overload Hypothesis, Its Applicability and Its Limitations p93-126 By Georgios Tsaparlis Georgios Tsaparlis University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry Ioannina Greece [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 5: It Depends on the Problem and on the Solver: An Overview of the Working Memory Overload Hypothesis, Its Applicability and Its Limitations in another window
• Chapter 6: Mechanistic Reasoning Using the Electron-pushing Formalism p127-144 By Gautam Bhattacharyya Gautam Bhattacharyya Missouri State University, Department of Chemistry 901 South National Avenue Springfield MO 65897 USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 6: Mechanistic Reasoning Using the Electron-pushing Formalism in another window
• Chapter 7: Scaffolding Synthesis Skills in Organic Chemistry p145-165 By Alison B. Flynn Alison B. Flynn Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 7: Scaffolding Synthesis Skills in Organic Chemistry in another window
• Chapter 8: Problem Solving Using NMR and IR Spectroscopy for Structural Characterization in Organic Chemistry p166-198 By Megan C. Connor ; Megan C. Connor Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Ginger V. Shultz Ginger V. Shultz Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 8: Problem Solving Using NMR and IR Spectroscopy for Structural Characterization in Organic Chemistry in another window
• Chapter 9: Assessing System Ontology in Biochemistry: Analysis of Students’ Problem Solving in Enzyme Kinetics p199-216 By Jon-Marc G. Rodriguez ; Jon-Marc G. Rodriguez University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry E355 Chemistry Building Iowa City Iowa 52242-1294 USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Sven J. Philips ; Sven J. Philips Purdue University, Department of Chemistry 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Nicholas P. Hux ; Nicholas P. Hux Purdue University, Department of Chemistry 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Marcy H. Towns Marcy H. Towns Purdue University, Department of Chemistry 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 9: Assessing System Ontology in Biochemistry: Analysis of Students’ Problem Solving in Enzyme Kinetics in another window
• Chapter 10: Problem Solving in the Chemistry Teaching Laboratory: Is This Something That Happens? p217-252 By Ian Hawkins ; Ian Hawkins Welch College Gallatin TN 37066 USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Vichuda K. Hunter ; Vichuda K. Hunter Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Chemistry PO Box 68 Murfreesboro TN 37132 USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Michael J. Sanger ; Michael J. Sanger Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Chemistry PO Box 68 Murfreesboro TN 37132 USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Amy J. Phelps Amy J. Phelps Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Chemistry PO Box 68 Murfreesboro TN 37132 USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 10: Problem Solving in the Chemistry Teaching Laboratory: Is This Something That Happens? in another window
• Chapter 11: Problems and Problem Solving in the Light of Context-based Chemistry p253-278 By Karolina Broman Karolina Broman Umeå University Sweden [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 11: Problems and Problem Solving in the Light of Context-based Chemistry in another window
• Chapter 12: Using Team Based Learning to Promote Problem Solving Through Active Learning p279-319 By Natalie J. Capel ; Natalie J. Capel Keele University UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Laura M. Hancock ; Laura M. Hancock Keele University UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Chloe Howe ; Chloe Howe Keele University UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Graeme R. Jones ; Graeme R. Jones Keele University UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Tess R. Phillips ; Tess R. Phillips Keele University UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Daniela Plana Daniela Plana Keele University UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 12: Using Team Based Learning to Promote Problem Solving Through Active Learning in another window
• Chapter 13: Technology, Molecular Representations, and Student Understanding in Chemistry p321-339 By Jack D. Polifka ; Jack D. Polifka Department of Chemistry, Human Computer Interaction Program, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar John Y. Baluyut ; John Y. Baluyut Math and Science Division, University of Providence Great Falls MT, 59405 USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Thomas A. Holme Thomas A. Holme Department of Chemistry, Human Computer Interaction Program, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 13: Technology, Molecular Representations, and Student Understanding in Chemistry in another window
• Chapter 14: An Educational Software for Supporting Students’ Learning of IR Spectral Interpretation p340-360 By Maria Limniou ; Maria Limniou School of Psychology, University of Liverpool UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Nikos Papadopoulos ; Nikos Papadopoulos Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Dimitris Gavril ; Dimitris Gavril Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Aikaterini Touni ; Aikaterini Touni Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Markella Chatziapostolidou Markella Chatziapostolidou Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 14: An Educational Software for Supporting Students’ Learning of IR Spectral Interpretation in another window
• Chapter 15: Exploring Chemistry Problems with Computational Quantum Chemistry Tools in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum p361-384 By Michael P. Sigalas Michael P. Sigalas Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Thessaloniki 54124 Greece [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 15: Exploring Chemistry Problems with Computational Quantum Chemistry Tools in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum in another window
• Chapter 16: Methodological and Epistemological Issues in Science Education Problem-solving Research: Linear and Nonlinear Paradigms p385-413 By Dimitrios Stamovlasis ; Dimitrios Stamovlasis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Julie Vaiopoulou Julie Vaiopoulou Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupolis Greece [email protected] University of Nicosia Nicosia Cyprus Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 16: Methodological and Epistemological Issues in Science Education Problem-solving Research: Linear and Nonlinear Paradigms in another window
• Chapter 17: Issues, Problems and Solutions: Summing It All Up p414-444 By Georgios Tsaparlis Georgios Tsaparlis University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry Ioannina Greece [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 17: Issues, Problems and Solutions: Summing It All Up in another window
• Chapter 18: Postscript – Two Issues for Provocative Thought: (a) The Potential Synergy Between HOTS and LOTS (b) When Problem Solving Might Descend to Chaos Dynamics p445-456 By Georgios Tsaparlis Georgios Tsaparlis University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry Ioannina Greece [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Chapter 18: Postscript – Two Issues for Provocative Thought: (a) The Potential Synergy Between HOTS and LOTS (b) When Problem Solving Might Descend to Chaos Dynamics in another window
• Subject Index p457-467 Open the PDF Link PDF for Subject Index in another window

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Higher Chemistry Unit 1 Consolidation Exercises

Hyndland Chemistry Department

Past Paper Questions – Unit 1E1 – Problem Solving

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Higher Chemistry

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Problem solving Homework

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Chemistry Problems With Answers

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Use chemistry problems as a tool for mastering chemistry concepts. Some of these examples show using formulas while others include lists of examples.

Acids, Bases, and pH Chemistry Problems

Learn about acids and bases. See how to calculate pH, pOH, K a , K b , pK a , and pK b .

• Practice calculating pH.
• Get example pH, pK a , pK b , K a , and K b calculations.
• Get examples of amphoterism.

Atomic Structure Problems

Learn about atomic mass, the Bohr model, and the part of the atom.

• Practice identifying atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass.
• Get examples showing ways to find atomic mass.
• Use Avogadro’s number and find the mass of a single atom .
• Review the Bohr model of the atom.
• Find the number of valence electrons of an element’s atom.

Chemical Bonds

Learn how to use electronegativity to determine whether atoms form ionic or covalent bonds. See chemistry problems drawing Lewis structures.

• Identify ionic and covalent bonds.
• Learn about ionic compounds and get examples.
• Practice identifying ionic compounds.
• Get examples of binary compounds.
• Learn about covalent compounds and their properties.
• See how to assign oxidation numbers.
• Practice drawing Lewis structures.
• Practice calculating bond energy.

Chemical Equations

Practice writing and balancing chemical equations.

• Learn the steps of balancing equations.
• Practice balancing chemical equations (practice quiz).
• Get examples finding theoretical yield.
• Practice calculating percent yield.
• Learn to recognize decomposition reactions.
• Practice recognizing synthesis reactions.
• Practice recognizing single replacement reactions.
• Recognize double replacement reactions.
• Find the mole ratio between chemical species in an equation.

Concentration and Solutions

Learn how to calculate concentration and explore chemistry problems that affect chemical concentration, including freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and vapor pressure elevation.

• Get example concentration calculations in several units.
• Practice calculating normality (N).
• Practice calculating molality (m).
• Explore example molarity (M) calculations.
• Get examples of colligative properties of solutions.
• See the definition and examples of saturated solutions.
• See the definition and examples of unsaturated solutions.
• Get examples of miscible and immiscible liquids.

Error Calculations

Learn about the types of error and see worked chemistry example problems.

• See how to calculate percent.
• Practice absolute and relative error calculations.
• See how to calculate percent error.
• See how to find standard deviation.
• Calculate mean, median, and mode.
• Review the difference between accuracy and precision.

Equilibrium Chemistry Problems

Learn about Le Chatelier’s principle, reaction rates, and equilibrium.

• Solve activation energy chemistry problems.
• Review factors that affect reaction rate.
• Practice calculating the van’t Hoff factor.

Practice chemistry problems using the gas laws, including Raoult’s law, Graham’s law, Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, and Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

• Calculate vapor pressure.
• Solve Avogadro’s law problems.
• Practice Boyle’s law problems.
• See Charles’ law example problems.
• Solve combined gas law problems.
• Solve Gay-Lussac’s law problems.

Some chemistry problems ask you identify examples of states of matter and types of mixtures. While there are any chemical formulas to know, it’s still nice to have lists of examples.

• Practice density calculations.
• Identify intensive and extensive properties of matter.
• See examples of intrinsic and extrinsic properties of matter.
• Get the definition and examples of solids.
• Get the definition and examples of gases.
• See the definition and examples of liquids.
• Learn what melting point is and get a list of values for different substances.
• Get the azeotrope definition and see examples.
• See how to calculate specific volume of a gas.
• Get examples of physical properties of matter.
• Get examples of chemical properties of matter.
• Review the states of matter.

Molecular Structure Chemistry Problems

See chemistry problems writing chemical formulas. See examples of monatomic and diatomic elements.

• Practice empirical and molecular formula problems.
• Practice simplest formula problems.
• See how to calculate molecular mass.
• Get examples of the monatomic elements.
• See examples of binary compounds.
• Calculate the number of atoms and molecules in a drop of water.

Nomenclature

Practice chemistry problems naming ionic compounds, hydrocarbons, and covalent compounds.

• Practice naming covalent compounds.
• Learn hydrocarbon prefixes in organic chemistry.

Nuclear Chemistry

These chemistry problems involve isotopes, nuclear symbols, half-life, radioactive decay, fission, fusion.

• Review the types of radioactive decay.

Periodic Table

Learn how to use a periodic table and explore periodic table trends.

• Know the trends in the periodic table.
• Review how to use a periodic table.
• Explore the difference between atomic and ionic radius and see their trends on the periodic table.

Physical Chemistry

Explore thermochemistry and physical chemistry, including enthalpy, entropy, heat of fusion, and heat of vaporization.

• Practice heat of vaporization chemistry problems.
• Practice heat of fusion chemistry problems.
• Calculate heat required to turn ice into steam.
• Practice calculating specific heat.
• Get examples of potential energy.
• Get examples of kinetic energy.
• See example activation energy calculations.

Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry Problems

See chemistry problems involving the interaction between light and matter.

• Calculate wavelength from frequency or frequency from wavelength.

Stoichiometry Chemistry Problems

Practice chemistry problems balancing formulas for mass and charge. Learn about reactants and products.

• Get example mole ratio problems.
• Calculate percent yield.
• Learn how to assign oxidation numbers.
• Get the definition and examples of reactants in chemistry.
• Get the definition and examples of products in chemical reactions.

Unit Conversions

There are some many examples of unit conversions that they have their own separate page!

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Discover Frequently Asked Chemistry Questions and Their Answers

• Formula for Cd2+ and PO43- ? also whats its name
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A List of Common General Chemistry Problems

Worked Examples and Worksheets

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This is a collection of worked general chemistry and introductory chemistry problems, listed in alphabetical order.

Alphabetical Index of Chemistry Problem Types

Included in this list are printable pdf chemistry worksheets so you can practice problems and then check your answers. You may also browse chemistry problems according to the type of problem.

A: Absolute Error to B: Boyle's Gas Law

• Absolute Error
• Accuracy Review
• Acid-Base Titration
• Activation Energy Calculation
• Angle Between Two Vectors
• Aqueous Solution Dilutions
• Atomic Mass Overview
• Atomic Mass & Isotopic Abundance
• Atomic Mass from Atomic Abundance
• Atomic Weight Calculation
• Average of a Set of Numbers
• Avogadro's Law
• Avogadro's Gas Law
• Avogadro's Number—Finding Mass of a Single Atom
• Avogadro's Number—Mass of a Known Number of Molecules
• Avogadro's Number—Finding Number of Molecules in a Known Mass
• Balancing Chemical Equations—Tutorial
• Balancing Chemical Equations—Example
• Balancing Redox Reactions—Example and Tutorial
• Balancing Redox Reactions in a Basic Solution—Example
• Balancing Redox Equations—Tutorial
• Bohr Atom Energy Levels
• Bohr Atom Energy Change
• Boiling Point Elevation
• Bond Energies & Enthalpies
• Bond Polarity
• Boyle's Law
• Boyle's Gas Law

C: Calorimetry & Heat Flow to D: Dilutions From Stock Conversions

• Calorimetry & Heat Flow
• Carbon-14 Dating
• Celsius to Kelvin Temperature Conversion
• Charles' Gas Law
• Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
• Concentration and Molarity—Determine a Concentration From A Known Mass of Solute
• Concentration and Molarity—Preparing a Stock Solution
• Concentration and Molarity—Finding Concentration of Ions in an Aqueous Solution
• Covalent Bond Examples
• Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
• de Broglie Wavelength Calculation
• Density Calculation
• Density of a Solid and a Liquid
• Density Example Problem—Finding Mass From Density
• Density of an Ideal Gas
• Diamagnetism
• Dilutions from Stock Solutions

E: Electron Configuration to G: Guy-Lussac's Gas Law

• Electron Configuration
• Electron Volt to Joule Conversion
• Electronegativity
• Empirical Formula
• Calculate Empirical and Molecular Formula of a Compound
• Enthalpy Change - Enthalpy Change of a Reaction
• Enthalpy Change - Enthalpy Change of a Reaction of a Given Mass
• Enthalpy Change - Enthalpy Change of Water
• Entropy Calculation
• Entropy Change
• Entropy of Reaction
• Equation of a Line
• Equilibrium Constant
• Equilibrium Constant for Gaseous Reactions
• Equilibrium Concentration
• Experimental Error
• Feet to Inches Conversion
• Free Energy and Pressure
• Free Energy and Reaction Spontaneity
• Formal Charge - Lewis Structure Resonance Structures
• Freezing Point Depression
• Frequency to Wavelength Conversion
• Graham's Law
• Gram to Mole Conversion
• Guy-Lussac's Gas Law

H: Half-Life to Joule to E: Electron Volt Conversion

• Heats of Formation
• Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
• Henry's Law
• Ideal Gas Example Problem
• Ideal Gas Law
• Ideal Gas—Constant Pressure
• Ideal Gas—Constant Volume
• Ideal Gas Example Problem—Partial Pressure
• Ideal Gas Example Problem–Unknown Gas
• Ideal Gas vs Real Gas—van der Waals Equation
• Ionic Bond Examples
• Ionic Bond from Electronegativity
• Isotopes and Nuclear Symbols—Example 1
• Isotopes and Nuclear Symbols—Example 2
• Joule to Electron Volt Conversion

L: Law of Multiple Proportions to M: Molecular Mass Calculations

• Law of Multiple Proportions
• Length Conversion—Angstroms to Meters
• Length Conversion—Angstroms to Nanometers
• Length Conversion—Centimeters to Meters
• Length Conversion—Feet to Kilometers
• Length Conversion—Feet to Meters
• Length Conversion—Kilometers to Meters
• Length Conversion—Miles to Kilometers
• Length Conversion — Millimeters to Centimeters
• Length Conversion — Millimeters to Meters
• Length Conversion — Micrometers to Meters
• Length Conversion — Nanometers to Meters
• Length Conversion — Nanometers to Angstroms
• Length Conversion — Yards to Meters
• Draw a Lewis Structure
• Draw a Lewis Structure — Octet Rule Exception
• Limiting Reactant & Theoretical Yield
• Mass Conversions — Kilograms to Grams
• Mass Conversions — Pounds to Kilograms
• Mass Conversions — Ounces to Grams
• Mass — Energy Relations in Nuclear Reactions
• Mass of Liquid from Density
• Mass Percent Composition
• Mass Percent Composition—Example 2
• Mass Relations in Balanced Equations
• Mean of a Set of Numbers
• Mean, Median, Mode and Range Example
• Molarity to PPM Conversion
• Mole — Gram Conversions
• Mole Relations in Balanced Equations
• Moles of C Atoms in 1 Mol Sucrose
• Molecular Formula from Simplest Formula
• Molecular Mass Calculations

N: Nernst Equation to P: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

• Nernst Equation
• Neutralizing a Base with an Acid
• Osmotic Pressure
• Oxidation and Reduction
• Oxidation or Reduction?
• Assigning Oxidation States
• Paramagnetism
• Percent Composition by Mass
• Percent Error
• pH Calculation
• pH Calculation — Example 2
• pH of a Strong Acid
• pH of a Strong Base
• Phosphate Buffer Preparation
• pOH Calculation
• Polyprotic Acid pH
• Population Standard Deviation
• Precision Review
• Predicting Formulas of Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
• Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds
• Prepare a Solution (Molarity)
• Pressure Conversion - Pa to atm
• Pressure Conversion — millibar to atm
• Pressure Conversion — atm to Pa
• Pressure Conversion — bars to atm
• Pressure Conversion — atm to bars
• Pressure Conversion — psi to atm
• Pressure Conversion — atm to psi
• Pressure Conversion — psi to Pa
• Pressure Conversion — psi to millibars
• Protons & Electrons in Ions
• Protons & Electrons in Ions — Example 2
• Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons in Atoms/Ions

R: Radioactive Decay to T: Titration Concentration

• Radioactive Decay — α Decay
• Radioactive Decay — Electron Capture
• Radioactive Decay — β - Decay
• Raoult's Law — Example 1
• Raoult's Law — Example 2
• Raoult's Law — Example 3
• Rate of Radioactive Decay
• Rates of Reaction
• Reactions in Aqueous Solution
• Reaction Quotient
• Redox Reaction
• Relative Error
• Root Mean Square Velocity of Ideal Gas Molecules
• Sample Standard Deviation
• Scientific Notation
• Significant Figures
• Simplest Formula from Percent Composition
• Solubility from Solubility Product
• Solubility Product from Solubility
• Temperature Conversions
• Temperature Conversions—Kelvin to Celsius & Fahrenheit
• Temperature Conversions—Celsius to Fahrenheit
• Temperature Conversions—Celsius to Kelvin
• Temperature Conversions—Kelvin to Celsius
• Temperature Conversions—Fahrenheit to Celsius
• Temperature Conversions—Fahrenheit to Kelvin
• Temperature That Fahrenheit Equals Celsius
• Theoretical Yield
• Theoretical Yield #2
• Titration Concentration

U: Uncertainty to W: Wavelength to Frequency Conversion

• Uncertainty
• Unit Cancelling — English to Metric
• Unit Cancelling — Metric to Metric
• Unit Conversions
• Unit Conversion — What Is The Speed Of Light In Miles Per Hour?
• Vector Scalar Product
• Volume Conversions — Cubic Centimeters to Liters
• Volume Conversions — Cubic Feet to Cubic Inches
• Volume Conversions — Cubic Feet to Liters
• Volume Conversions — Cubic Inches to Cubic Centimeters
• Volume Conversions — Cubic Inches to Cubic Feet
• Volume Conversions — Cubic Meters to Cubic Feet
• Volume Conversions — Cubic Meters to Liters
• Volume Conversions — Gallons to Liters
• Volume Conversions — Cubic Inches to Liters
• Volume Conversions — Fluid Ounces to Milliliters
• Volume Conversions — Liters to Milliliters
• Volume Conversions — Microliters to Milliliters
• Volume Conversions — Milliliters to Liters
• Volume Percent
• Wavelength to Frequency Conversion

Chemistry Worksheets (Pdf to Download or Print)

• Metric to English Conversions Worksheet
• Metric to English Conversions Answers
• Metric to Metric Conversions Worksheet
• Metric to Metric Conversions Answers
• Temperature Conversions Worksheet
• Temperature Conversions Answers
• Temperature Conversions Worksheet #2
• Temperature Conversions Answers #2
• Moles to Grams Conversions Worksheet
• Moles to Grams Conversions Answers
• Formula or Molar Mass Worksheet
• Formula or Molar Mass Worksheet Answers
• Practicing Balancing Chemical Equations — Worksheet
• Balancing Chemical Equations — Answers
• Practicing Balancing Chemical Equations — Worksheet #2
• Balancing Chemical Equations — Answers #2
• Practicing Balancing Chemical Equations — Worksheet #3
• Balancing Chemical Equations — Answers #3
• Common Acid Names & Formulas — Worksheet
• Acid Names and Formulas — Answers
• Practice Calculations with Moles — Worksheet
• Mole Calculations — Answers
• Practice Mole Relations in Balanced Equations — Worksheet
• Mole Relations in Balanced Equations — Answers
• Gas Laws Answers
• Gas Laws Answers — Shown Work
• Limiting Reagent — Worksheet
• Limiting Reagent — Answers
• Calculating Molarity — Worksheet
• Calculating Molarity — Answers
• Acid & Base pH — Worksheet
• Acid & Base pH — Answers
• Electron Configurations — Worksheet
• Electron Configurations — Answers
• Balancing Redox Reactions — Worksheet
• Balancing Redox Reactions — Answers
• Resources for Finding Answers to Chemistry Questions
• How to Pass Chemistry Class
• Calculate Simplest Formula From Percent Composition
• Ideal Gas Law: Worked Chemistry Problems
• How to Convert Grams to Moles and Moles to Grams
• Law of Multiple Proportions Example Problem
• Calorimetry and Heat Flow: Worked Chemistry Problems
• Rate of Radioactive Decay Worked Example Problem
• Molality and Concentration of a Chemical Solution
• How to Calculate Experimental Error in Chemistry
• Introduction To Stoichiometry
• Acids and Bases: Calculating pH of a Strong Acid
• How to Calculate Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield
• Aqueous Solution Chemical Reaction Problem
• Polyprotic Acid Example Chemistry Problem

CFE Higher Chemistry

CFE Higher Chemistry provides a good basis for the future study of Chemistry and Chemistry–related subjects in higher education. It is a good background for candidates who wish to pursue a career in a science-based area.

The course has been developed by SQA, who have worked with teachers, pupils, universities and industry, to provide our students with a better understanding of the subject. The new course has an added skills emphasis to enable pupils to follow further education or work placements when they leave school .

Chemistry is broken down into 3 units covering a range of topics. Each topic has a variety of practical that can be done to enhance the theory.

Unit 1 - Chemical Changes and Structure 

Unit 2 - Nature’s chemistry

Unit 3 - Chemistry in society

Recommended Entry Requirements

Candidates will normally be expected to have attained Nat 5 chemistry at grade A or B (They also require to have passed or be studying Nat 5 Maths).

The  Higher certificate is awarded on a scale of A-D, in addition to the end of unit extension tests, each student is presented for the external exam. 

External exam in May (120 marks).

Added value assement (20 marks) - this allows students to present practical work that they carry out and the relevant theory/research. Written up under exam conditions and externally marked.

Chemical changes and structure

The topics covered are:

• rate of reactions
• periodicity
• structure and bonding

Nature’s chemistry

• systematic carbon chemistry
• carboxylic acids
• fats and oils
• detergents and emulsions
• oxidation of food

Chemistry in society

• getting the most from reactants
• controlling the rate
• chemical energy
• chemical analysis

Researching chemistry

• common chemical apparatus
• general practical techniques
• reporting experimental work

CFE Higher Chemistry

Higher Chemistry SQA Past Papers