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C structures, c reference, c operators.

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable:

C divides the operators into the following groups:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :

The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:

A list of all assignment operators:

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions.

The return value of a comparison is either 1 or 0 , which means true ( 1 ) or false ( 0 ). These values are known as Boolean values , and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If..Else chapter.

Comparison operators are used to compare two values.

Note: The return value of a comparison is either true ( 1 ) or false ( 0 ).

In the following example, we use the greater than operator ( > ) to find out if 5 is greater than 3:

A list of all comparison operators:

Logical Operators

You can also test for true or false values with logical operators.

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values, by combining multiple conditions:

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Fill in the blanks to multiply 10 with 5 , and print the result:

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Home » Learn C Programming from Scratch » C Assignment Operators

C Assignment Operators

Summary : in this tutorial, you’ll learn about the C assignment operators and how to use them effectively.

Introduction to the C assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns the vale of the right-hand operand to the left-hand operand. The following example uses the assignment operator (=) to assign 1 to the counter variable:

After the assignmment, the counter variable holds the number 1.

The following example adds 1 to the counter and assign the result to the counter:

The = assignment operator is called a simple assignment operator. It assigns the value of the left operand to the right operand.

Besides the simple assignment operator, C supports compound assignment operators. A compound assignment operator performs the operation specified by the additional operator and then assigns the result to the left operand.

The following example uses a compound-assignment operator (+=):

The expression:

is equivalent to the following expression:

The following table illustrates the compound-assignment operators in C:

• A simple assignment operator assigns the value of the left operand to the right operand.
• A compound assignment operator performs the operation specified by the additional operator and then assigns the result to the left operand.

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Assignment Operators in C

In C language, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable, or an expression.

The value to be assigned forms the right-hand operand, whereas the variable to be assigned should be the operand to the left of the " = " symbol, which is defined as a simple assignment operator in C.

In addition, C has several augmented assignment operators.

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Simple Assignment Operator (=)

The = operator is one of the most frequently used operators in C. As per the ANSI C standard, all the variables must be declared in the beginning. Variable declaration after the first processing statement is not allowed.

You can declare a variable to be assigned a value later in the code, or you can initialize it at the time of declaration.

You can use a literal, another variable, or an expression in the assignment statement.

Once a variable of a certain type is declared, it cannot be assigned a value of any other type. In such a case the C compiler reports a type mismatch error.

In C, the expressions that refer to a memory location are called "lvalue" expressions. A lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.

On the other hand, the term rvalue refers to a data value that is stored at some address in memory. A rvalue is an expression that cannot have a value assigned to it which means an rvalue may appear on the right-hand side but not on the left-hand side of an assignment.

Variables are lvalues and so they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and so they may not be assigned and cannot appear on the left-hand side. Take a look at the following valid and invalid statements −

Augmented Assignment Operators

In addition to the = operator, C allows you to combine arithmetic and bitwise operators with the = symbol to form augmented or compound assignment operator. The augmented operators offer a convenient shortcut for combining arithmetic or bitwise operation with assignment.

For example, the expression "a += b" has the same effect of performing "a + b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Run the code and check its output −

Similarly, the expression "a <<= b" has the same effect of performing "a << b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Here is a C program that demonstrates the use of assignment operators in C −

When you compile and execute the above program, it will produce the following result −

Print Cheatsheet

Mathmatical Symbols in C

C is able to perform basic mathematical operations on variables and values using the following symbols:

• Addition: +
• Subtraction: -
• Division: /
• Multiplication: *
• Incrementing: ++
• Decrementing: --

Assignment Operations in C

C can assign values to variables and perform basic mathematical operations using shorthand operators:

• Assignment: =
• Addition then assignment: +=
• Subtraction then assignment: -=
• Multiplication then assignment: *=
• Division then assignment: /=
• Modulo then assignment: %=

Comparing values in C

C can compare two values and/or variables against each other to return true or false. The operators are as follows:

• Do both sides have the same value? ==
• Do the two sides have different values? !=
• Is the left side a lower value than the right side? <
• Is the left side a lower or equal value to the right side? <=
• Is the left side a greater value than the right side? >
• Is the left side a greater or equal value to the right side? >=

Logical Operators in C

C can perform logical operations using the following operators:

• and: && (Are both sides true?)
• or: || (Is at least one side true?)
• not: ! (True becomes false and false becomes true.)

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• ❯ Multiplication Assignment

C++ Multiplication Assignment (*=) Operator

In this C++ tutorial, you shall learn about Multiplication Assignment operator, its syntax, and how to use this operator, with examples.

C++ Multiplication Assignment

In C++, Multiplication Assignment Operator is used to find the product of the value (right operand) and this variable (left operand) and assign the result back to this variable (left operand).

The syntax to find the product of a value 2 with variable x and assign the result to x using Multiplication Assignment Operator is

In the following example, we take a variable x with an initial value of 5 , multiply it with a value of 2 and assign the result back to x , using Multiplication Assignment Operator.

In this C++ Tutorial , we learned about Multiplication Assignment Operator in C++, with examples.

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To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of the following C programming topics:

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The program below takes an integer input from the user and generates the multiplication tables up to 10.

Multiplication Table Up to 10

Here, the user input is stored in the int variable n . Then, we use a for loop to print the multiplication table up to 10.

The loop runs from i = 1 to i = 10 . In each iteration of the loop, n * i is printed.

Here's a little modification of the above program to generate the multiplication table up to a range (where range is also a positive integer entered by the user).

Multiplication Table Up to a range

Here, we have used a do...while loop to prompt the user for a positive range.

If the value of range is negative, the loop iterates again to ask the user to enter a positive number. Once a positive range has been entered, we print the multiplication table.

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cppreference.com

Assignment operators.

Assignment operators modify the value of the object.

[ edit ] Definitions

Copy assignment replaces the contents of the object a with a copy of the contents of b ( b is not modified). For class types, this is performed in a special member function, described in copy assignment operator .

For non-class types, copy and move assignment are indistinguishable and are referred to as direct assignment .

Compound assignment replace the contents of the object a with the result of a binary operation between the previous value of a and the value of b .

[ edit ] Assignment operator syntax

The assignment expressions have the form

• ↑ target-expr must have higher precedence than an assignment expression.
• ↑ new-value cannot be a comma expression, because its precedence is lower.

[ edit ] Built-in simple assignment operator

For the built-in simple assignment, the object referred to by target-expr is modified by replacing its value with the result of new-value . target-expr must be a modifiable lvalue.

The result of a built-in simple assignment is an lvalue of the type of target-expr , referring to target-expr . If target-expr is a bit-field , the result is also a bit-field.

[ edit ] Assignment from an expression

If new-value is an expression, it is implicitly converted to the cv-unqualified type of target-expr . When target-expr is a bit-field that cannot represent the value of the expression, the resulting value of the bit-field is implementation-defined.

If target-expr and new-value identify overlapping objects, the behavior is undefined (unless the overlap is exact and the type is the same).

In overload resolution against user-defined operators , for every type T , the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every enumeration or pointer to member type T , optionally volatile-qualified, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:

For every pair A1 and A2 , where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:

[ edit ] Built-in compound assignment operator

The behavior of every built-in compound-assignment expression target-expr   op   =   new-value is exactly the same as the behavior of the expression target-expr   =   target-expr   op   new-value , except that target-expr is evaluated only once.

The requirements on target-expr and new-value of built-in simple assignment operators also apply. Furthermore:

• For + = and - = , the type of target-expr must be an arithmetic type or a pointer to a (possibly cv-qualified) completely-defined object type .
• For all other compound assignment operators, the type of target-expr must be an arithmetic type.

In overload resolution against user-defined operators , for every pair A1 and A2 , where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every pair I1 and I2 , where I1 is an integral type (optionally volatile-qualified) and I2 is a promoted integral type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every optionally cv-qualified object type T , the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

[ edit ] Example

Possible output:

[ edit ] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

[ edit ] See also

Operator precedence

Operator overloading

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6.1 — Operator precedence and associativity

Best practice

Value computation (of operations)

We know from the precedence and associativity rules above that this expression will be grouped as if we had typed:

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Assignment Operators In C++

In C++, the assignment operator forms the backbone of many algorithms and computational processes by performing a simple operation like assigning a value to a variable. It is denoted by equal sign ( = ) and provides one of the most basic operations in any programming language that is used to assign some value to the variables in C++ or in other words, it is used to store some kind of information.

The right-hand side value will be assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. The variable and the value should be of the same data type.

The value can be a literal or another variable of the same data type.

Compound Assignment Operators

In C++, the assignment operator can be combined into a single operator with some other operators to perform a combination of two operations in one single statement. These operators are called Compound Assignment Operators. There are 10 compound assignment operators in C++:

• Addition Assignment Operator ( += )
• Subtraction Assignment Operator ( -= )
• Multiplication Assignment Operator ( *= )
• Division Assignment Operator ( /= )
• Modulus Assignment Operator ( %= )
• Bitwise AND Assignment Operator ( &= )
• Bitwise OR Assignment Operator ( |= )
• Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator ( ^= )
• Left Shift Assignment Operator ( <<= )
• Right Shift Assignment Operator ( >>= )

Lets see each of them in detail.

1. Addition Assignment Operator (+=)

In C++, the addition assignment operator (+=) combines the addition operation with the variable assignment allowing you to increment the value of variable by a specified expression in a concise and efficient way.

This above expression is equivalent to the expression:

2. Subtraction Assignment Operator (-=)

The subtraction assignment operator (-=) in C++ enables you to update the value of the variable by subtracting another value from it. This operator is especially useful when you need to perform subtraction and store the result back in the same variable.

3. Multiplication Assignment Operator (*=)

In C++, the multiplication assignment operator (*=) is used to update the value of the variable by multiplying it with another value.

4. Division Assignment Operator (/=)

The division assignment operator divides the variable on the left by the value on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

5. Modulus Assignment Operator (%=)

The modulus assignment operator calculates the remainder when the variable on the left is divided by the value or variable on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

6. Bitwise AND Assignment Operator (&=)

This operator performs a bitwise AND between the variable on the left and the value on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

7. Bitwise OR Assignment Operator (|=)

The bitwise OR assignment operator performs a bitwise OR between the variable on the left and the value or variable on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

8. Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator (^=)

The bitwise XOR assignment operator performs a bitwise XOR between the variable on the left and the value or variable on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

9. Left Shift Assignment Operator (<<=)

The left shift assignment operator shifts the bits of the variable on the left to left by the number of positions specified on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

10. Right Shift Assignment Operator (>>=)

The right shift assignment operator shifts the bits of the variable on the left to the right by a number of positions specified on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

Also, it is important to note that all of the above operators can be overloaded for custom operations with user-defined data types to perform the operations we want.

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Assignment by product (multiplication assignment) with increment or decrement in C++? [duplicate]

Why do we get different results for the two follow statements:

the output is 26; whereas the next example returns 30, though they are same?!

• variable-assignment
• multiplication

• 9 Isn't that undefined? (both of them) –  user2345215 Commented Jan 1, 2014 at 22:26
• 4 Both are undefined behavior. The stored value of a variable shall not be modified more than once between sequence points. –  IInspectable Commented Jan 1, 2014 at 22:27
• 2 Undefined behaviour means, you are wrong no matter what you expect. Undefined behaviour means, you do not have any justified reason to expect any particular result. –  Oswald Commented Jan 1, 2014 at 22:30
• 1 @kuroi No, the behavior is genuinely undefined. Implementation-defined is another class, for example, how the NULL macro is defined is implementation-defined. –  IInspectable Commented Jan 1, 2014 at 22:31
• 1 @llnspectable : you're right. I was too quick to answer this one. My bad. –  kuroi neko Commented Jan 1, 2014 at 22:42

2 Answers 2

These both exhibit undefined behaviour in both C++03 and C++11. In C++11 terminology, you can't have two unsequenced modifications of the same scalar or a modification and a value computation using the same scalar, otherwise you have undefined behaviour.

In this case, incrementing x (a modification) is unsequenced with the other two value computation of x .

In this case, incrementing x is unsequenced with the value computation of x on the left.

For the meaning of undefined behaviour, see C++11 §1.3.24:

undefined behavior behavior for which this International Standard imposes no requirements

• 1 "incrementing x is unsequenced" that is, the modification of x is unsequenced to the other two value computations. (It is sequenced after the value computation of the x++ .) –  dyp Commented Jan 1, 2014 at 22:33
• I'm just wondering, what's the reasoning for undefined and not just unspecified evaluation order? –  user2345215 Commented Jan 1, 2014 at 22:33
• @user2345215 I'm fairly sure it's to allow the compilers to perform optimizations under the assumption that the programmer doesn't do this. Somebody else might have a better answer though. –  Joseph Mansfield Commented Jan 1, 2014 at 22:38
• 2 The compiler is supposed to let some operations run simultaneously (on different CPU cores). Hardware might do bizarre things (e.g. generate junk or throw an exception) when 2 cores read and write the same variable simultaneously. Since UB allows doing these things, compiler has much less to worry about when deciding how to do parallelization. –  anatolyg Commented Jan 1, 2014 at 22:56

Assigning a ++'d value to the original value is undefined behavior. So it makes sense that assigning a ++'d then multiplied value is also undefined.

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged c++ operators variable-assignment increment multiplication or ask your own question .

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