b) Correct reference citations
c) Consistency in the way of thesis writing
d) Well defined abstract
Select the answers from the codes given below:
B. a), b), c) and d)All of the above.
a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the solution to a problem.
b) It is a systematic, logical and unbiased process wherein verification of hypotheses, data analysis, interpretation and formation of principles can be done.
c) It is an intellectual inquiry or quest towards truth,
d) It enhances knowledge.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
A. a), b), c) and d)All of the above.
b) Fundamental ResearchJean Piaget, in his cognitive-developmental theory, proposed the idea that children can actively construct knowledge simply by exploring and manipulating the world around them.
d) Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and ConclusionsThe core elements of the dissertation are as follows:
Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and Conclusions
d) A sampling of people, newspapers, television programs etc.In general, sampling in case study research involves decisions made by the researchers regarding the strategies of sampling, the number of case studies, and the definition of the unit of analysis.
a) Systematic Sampling TechniqueSystematic sampling can be understood as a probability sampling method in which the members of the population are selected by the researchers at a regular interval.
a) Social relevanceNo explanation.
c) Can be one-tailed as well as two-tailed depending on the hypothesesAn F-test corresponds to a statistical test in which the test statistic has an F-distribution under the null hypothesis.
a) CensusCensus is an official survey that keeps track of the population data.
b) ObservationNo explanation.
d) It contains dependent and independent variablesA research problem can be defined as a statement about the concerned area, a condition needed to be improved, a difficulty that has to be eliminated, or a troubling question existing in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice pointing towards the need of delivering a deliberate investigation.
d) All of the aboveThe research objectives must be concisely described before starting the research as it illustrates what we are going to achieve as an end result after the accomplishment.
c) A kind of research being carried out to solve a specific problemIn general, action research is termed as a philosophy or a research methodology, which is implemented in social sciences.
a) The cultural background of the countryAn assumption can be identified as an unexamined belief, which we contemplate without even comprehending it. Also, the conclusions that we draw are often based on assumptions.
d) All of the aboveNo explanation.
b) To understand the difference between two variablesFactor analysis can be understood as a statistical method that defines the variability between two variables in terms of factors, which are nothing but unobserved variables.
a) ManipulationIn an experimental research design, whenever the independent variables (i.e., treatment variables or factors) decisively get altered by researchers, then that process is termed as an experimental manipulation.
d) Professional AttitudeA professional attitude is an ability that inclines you to manage your time, portray a leadership quality, make you self-determined and persistent.
b) Human RelationsThe term sociogram can be defined as a graphical representation of human relation that portrays the social links formed by one particular person.
c) Objective ObservationThe research process comprises classifying, locating, evaluating, and investigating the data, which is required to support your research question, followed by developing and expressing your ideas.
We provides tutorials and interview questions of all technology like java tutorial, android, java frameworks
G-13, 2nd Floor, Sec-3, Noida, UP, 201301, India
[email protected] .
Online compiler.
1. | |
A. | Wilkinson |
B. | CR Kothari |
C. | Kerlinger |
D. | Goode and Halt |
Answer» D. Goode and Halt |
2. | |
A. | Marshall |
B. | P.V. Young |
C. | Emory |
D. | Kerlinger |
Answer» C. Emory |
3. | |
A. | Young |
B. | Kerlinger |
C. | Kothari |
D. | Emory |
Answer» A. Young |
4. | |
A. | Experiment |
B. | Observation |
C. | Deduction |
D. | Scientific method |
Answer» D. Scientific method |
5. | |
A. | Deduction |
B. | Scientific method |
C. | Observation |
D. | experience |
Answer» B. Scientific method |
6. | |
A. | Objectivity |
B. | Ethics |
C. | Proposition |
D. | Neutrality |
Answer» A. Objectivity |
7. | |
A. | Induction |
B. | Deduction |
C. | Research |
D. | Experiment |
Answer» A. Induction |
8. | |
A. | Belief |
B. | Value |
C. | Objectivity |
D. | Subjectivity |
Answer» C. Objectivity |
9. | |
A. | Induction |
B. | deduction |
C. | Observation |
D. | experience |
Answer» B. deduction |
10. | |
A. | Caroline |
B. | P.V.Young |
C. | Dewey John |
D. | Emory |
Answer» B. P.V.Young |
11. | |
A. | Facts |
B. | Values |
C. | Theory |
D. | Generalization |
Answer» C. Theory |
12. | |
A. | Jack Gibbs |
B. | PV Young |
C. | Black |
D. | Rose Arnold |
Answer» B. PV Young |
13. | |
A. | Black James and Champion |
B. | P.V. Young |
C. | Emory |
D. | Gibbes |
Answer» A. Black James and Champion |
14. | |
A. | Theory |
B. | Value |
C. | Fact |
D. | Statement |
Answer» C. Fact |
15. | |
A. | Good and Hatt |
B. | Emory |
C. | P.V. Young |
D. | Claver |
Answer» A. Good and Hatt |
16. | |
A. | Concept |
B. | Variable |
C. | Model |
D. | Facts |
Answer» C. Model |
17. | |
A. | Objects |
B. | Human beings |
C. | Living things |
D. | Non living things |
Answer» B. Human beings |
18. | |
A. | Natural and Social |
B. | Natural and Physical |
C. | Physical and Mental |
D. | Social and Physical |
Answer» A. Natural and Social |
19. | |
A. | Causal Connection |
B. | reason |
C. | Interaction |
D. | Objectives |
Answer» A. Causal Connection |
20. | |
A. | Explain |
B. | diagnosis |
C. | Recommend |
D. | Formulate |
Answer» B. diagnosis |
21. | |
A. | Integration |
B. | Social Harmony |
C. | National Integration |
D. | Social Equality |
Answer» A. Integration |
22. | |
A. | Unit |
B. | design |
C. | Random |
D. | Census |
Answer» B. design |
23. | |
A. | Objectivity |
B. | Specificity |
C. | Values |
D. | Facts |
Answer» A. Objectivity |
24. | |
A. | Purpose |
B. | Intent |
C. | Methodology |
D. | Techniques |
Answer» B. Intent |
25. | |
A. | Pure Research |
B. | Action Research |
C. | Pilot study |
D. | Survey |
Answer» A. Pure Research |
26. | |
A. | Pure Research |
B. | Survey |
C. | Action Research |
D. | Long term Research |
Answer» B. Survey |
27. | |
A. | Survey |
B. | Action research |
C. | Analytical research |
D. | Pilot study |
Answer» C. Analytical research |
28. | |
A. | Fundamental Research |
B. | Analytical Research |
C. | Survey |
D. | Action Research |
Answer» D. Action Research |
29. | |
A. | Action Research |
B. | Survey |
C. | Pilot study |
D. | Pure Research |
Answer» D. Pure Research |
30. | |
A. | Quantitative |
B. | Qualitative |
C. | Pure |
D. | applied |
Answer» B. Qualitative |
31. | |
A. | Empirical research |
B. | Conceptual Research |
C. | Quantitative research |
D. | Qualitative research |
Answer» B. Conceptual Research |
32. | |
A. | Clinical or diagnostic |
B. | Causal |
C. | Analytical |
D. | Qualitative |
Answer» A. Clinical or diagnostic |
33. | |
A. | Field study |
B. | Survey |
C. | Laboratory Research |
D. | Empirical Research |
Answer» C. Laboratory Research |
34. | |
A. | Clinical Research |
B. | Experimental Research |
C. | Laboratory Research |
D. | Empirical Research |
Answer» D. Empirical Research |
35. | |
A. | Survey |
B. | Empirical |
C. | Clinical |
D. | Diagnostic |
Answer» A. Survey |
36. | |
A. | Ostle |
B. | Richard |
C. | Karl Pearson |
D. | Kerlinger |
Answer» C. Karl Pearson |
37. | |
A. | Redmen and Mory |
B. | P.V.Young |
C. | Robert C meir |
D. | Harold Dazier |
Answer» A. Redmen and Mory |
38. | |
A. | Technique |
B. | Operations |
C. | Research methodology |
D. | Research Process |
Answer» C. Research methodology |
39. | |
A. | Slow |
B. | Fast |
C. | Narrow |
D. | Systematic |
Answer» D. Systematic |
40. | |
A. | Logical |
B. | Non logical |
C. | Narrow |
D. | Systematic |
Answer» A. Logical |
41. | |
A. | Delta Kappan |
B. | James Harold Fox |
C. | P.V.Young |
D. | Karl Popper |
Answer» B. James Harold Fox |
42. | |
A. | Problem |
B. | Experiment |
C. | Research Techniques |
D. | Research methodology |
Answer» D. Research methodology |
43. | |
A. | Field Study |
B. | diagnosis tic study |
C. | Action study |
D. | Pilot study |
Answer» B. diagnosis tic study |
44. | |
A. | Social Science Research |
B. | Experience Survey |
C. | Problem formulation |
D. | diagnostic study |
Answer» A. Social Science Research |
45. | |
A. | P.V. Young |
B. | Kerlinger |
C. | Emory |
D. | Clover Vernon |
Answer» B. Kerlinger |
46. | |
A. | Black James and Champions |
B. | P.V. Young |
C. | Mortan Kaplan |
D. | William Emory |
Answer» A. Black James and Champions |
47. | |
A. | Best John |
B. | Emory |
C. | Clover |
D. | P.V. Young |
Answer» D. P.V. Young |
48. | |
A. | Belief |
B. | Value |
C. | Confidence |
D. | Overconfidence |
Answer» D. Overconfidence |
49. | |
A. | Velocity |
B. | Momentum |
C. | Frequency |
D. | gravity |
Answer» C. Frequency |
50. | |
A. | Research degree |
B. | Research Academy |
C. | Research Labs |
D. | Research Problems |
Answer» A. Research degree |
51. | |
A. | Book |
B. | Journal |
C. | News Paper |
D. | Census Report |
Answer» D. Census Report |
52. | |
A. | Lack of sufficient number of Universities |
B. | Lack of sufficient research guides |
C. | Lack of sufficient Fund |
D. | Lack of scientific training in research |
Answer» D. Lack of scientific training in research |
53. | |
A. | Indian Council for Survey and Research |
B. | Indian Council for strategic Research |
C. | Indian Council for Social Science Research |
D. | Inter National Council for Social Science Research |
Answer» C. Indian Council for Social Science Research |
54. | |
A. | University Grants Commission |
B. | Union Government Commission |
C. | University Governance Council |
D. | Union government Council |
Answer» A. University Grants Commission |
55. | |
A. | Junior Research Functions |
B. | Junior Research Fellowship |
C. | Junior Fellowship |
D. | None of the above |
Answer» B. Junior Research Fellowship |
56. | |
A. | Formulation of a problem |
B. | Collection of Data |
C. | Editing and Coding |
D. | Selection of a problem |
Answer» D. Selection of a problem |
57. | |
A. | Fully solved |
B. | Not solved |
C. | Cannot be solved |
D. | half- solved |
Answer» D. half- solved |
58. | |
A. | Schools and Colleges |
B. | Class Room Lectures |
C. | Play grounds |
D. | Infra structures |
Answer» B. Class Room Lectures |
59. | |
A. | Observation |
B. | Problem |
C. | Data |
D. | Experiment |
Answer» B. Problem |
60. | |
A. | Solution |
B. | Examination |
C. | Problem formulation |
D. | Problem Solving |
Answer» C. Problem formulation |
61. | |
A. | Very Common |
B. | Overdone |
C. | Easy one |
D. | rare |
Answer» B. Overdone |
62. | |
A. | Statement of the problem |
B. | Gathering of Data |
C. | Measurement |
D. | Survey |
Answer» A. Statement of the problem |
63. | |
A. | Professor |
B. | Tutor |
C. | HOD |
D. | Guide |
Answer» D. Guide |
64. | |
A. | Statement of the problem |
B. | Understanding the nature of the problem |
C. | Survey |
D. | Discussions |
Answer» B. Understanding the nature of the problem |
65. | |
A. | Statement of the problem |
B. | Understanding the nature of the problem |
C. | Survey the available literature |
D. | Discussion |
Answer» C. Survey the available literature |
66. | |
A. | Survey |
B. | Discussion |
C. | Literature survey |
D. | Re Phrasing the Research problem |
Answer» D. Re Phrasing the Research problem |
67. | |
A. | Title |
B. | Index |
C. | Bibliography |
D. | Concepts |
Answer» A. Title |
68. | |
A. | Questions to be answered |
B. | methods |
C. | Techniques |
D. | methodology |
Answer» A. Questions to be answered |
69. | |
A. | Speed |
B. | Facts |
C. | Values |
D. | Novelty |
Answer» D. Novelty |
70. | |
A. | Originality |
B. | Values |
C. | Coherence |
D. | Facts |
Answer» A. Originality |
71. | |
A. | Academic and Non academic |
B. | Cultivation |
C. | Academic |
D. | Utilitarian |
Answer» B. Cultivation |
72. | |
A. | Information |
B. | firsthand knowledge |
C. | Knowledge and information |
D. | models |
Answer» C. Knowledge and information |
73. | |
A. | Alienation |
B. | Cohesion |
C. | mobility |
D. | Integration |
Answer» B. Cohesion |
74. | |
A. | Scientific temper |
B. | Age |
C. | Money |
D. | time |
Answer» A. Scientific temper |
75. | |
A. | Secular |
B. | Totalitarian |
C. | democratic |
D. | welfare |
Answer» D. welfare |
76. | |
A. | Hypothesis |
B. | Variable |
C. | Concept |
D. | facts |
Answer» C. Concept |
77. | |
A. | Abstract and Coherent |
B. | Concrete and Coherent |
C. | Abstract and concrete |
D. | None of the above |
Answer» C. Abstract and concrete |
78. | |
A. | 4 |
B. | 6 |
C. | 10 |
D. | 2 |
Answer» D. 2 |
79. | |
A. | Observation |
B. | formulation |
C. | Theory |
D. | Postulation |
Answer» D. Postulation |
80. | |
A. | Formulation |
B. | Postulation |
C. | Intuition |
D. | Observation |
Answer» C. Intuition |
81. | |
A. | guide |
B. | tools |
C. | methods |
D. | Variables |
Answer» B. tools |
82. | |
A. | Metaphor |
B. | Simile |
C. | Symbols |
D. | Models |
Answer» C. Symbols |
83. | |
A. | Formulation |
B. | Calculation |
C. | Abstraction |
D. | Specification |
Answer» C. Abstraction |
84. | |
A. | Verbal |
B. | Oral |
C. | Hypothetical |
D. | Operational |
Answer» C. Hypothetical |
85. | |
A. | Kerlinger |
B. | P.V. Young |
C. | Aurthur |
D. | Kaplan |
Answer» B. P.V. Young |
86. | |
A. | Same and different |
B. | Same |
C. | different |
D. | None of the above |
Answer» C. different |
87. | |
A. | Greek |
B. | English |
C. | Latin |
D. | Many languages |
Answer» D. Many languages |
88. | |
A. | Variable |
B. | Hypothesis |
C. | Data |
D. | Concept |
Answer» B. Hypothesis |
89. | |
A. | Data |
B. | Concept |
C. | Research |
D. | Hypothesis |
Answer» D. Hypothesis |
90. | |
A. | Lund berg |
B. | Emory |
C. | Johnson |
D. | Good and Hatt |
Answer» D. Good and Hatt |
91. | |
A. | Good and Hatt |
B. | Lund berg |
C. | Emory |
D. | Orwell |
Answer» B. Lund berg |
92. | |
A. | Descriptive |
B. | Imaginative |
C. | Relational |
D. | Variable |
Answer» A. Descriptive |
93. | |
A. | Null Hypothesis |
B. | Working Hypothesis |
C. | Relational Hypothesis |
D. | Descriptive Hypothesis |
Answer» B. Working Hypothesis |
94. | |
A. | Relational Hypothesis |
B. | Situational Hypothesis |
C. | Null Hypothesis |
D. | Casual Hypothesis |
Answer» C. Null Hypothesis |
95. | |
A. | Abstract |
B. | Dependent |
C. | Independent |
D. | Separate |
Answer» C. Independent |
96. | |
A. | Independent |
B. | Dependent |
C. | Separate |
D. | Abstract |
Answer» B. Dependent |
97. | |
A. | Causal |
B. | Relational |
C. | Descriptive |
D. | Tentative |
Answer» B. Relational |
98. | |
A. | One |
B. | Many |
C. | Zero |
D. | None of these |
Answer» C. Zero |
99. | |
A. | Statistical Hypothesis |
B. | Complex Hypothesis |
C. | Common sense Hypothesis |
D. | Analytical Hypothesis |
Answer» C. Common sense Hypothesis |
100. | |
A. | Null Hypothesis |
B. | Casual Hypothesis |
C. | Barren Hypothesis |
D. | Analytical Hypothesis |
Answer» D. Analytical Hypothesis |
Done Reading?
Student resources, multiple choice quiz.
Take the quiz to test your understanding of the key concepts covered in the chapter. Try testing yourself before you read the chapter to see where your strengths and weaknesses are, then test yourself again once you’ve read the chapter to see how well you’ve understood.
Tip: Click on each link to expand and view the content. Click again to collapse.
PART A: PRINCIPLES AND PLANNING FOR RESEARCH
1. Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?
b. Is dependent on the completion of other projects
2. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?
d: Deductive reasoning
3. Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the same design but a different sample is which of the following?
b: A replication study
4. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking behaviours. The main purpose of the study was:
d: Explanation
5. Cyber bullying at work is a growing threat to employee job satisfaction. Researchers want to find out why people do this and how they feel about it. The primary purpose of the study is:
c: Exploration
6. A theory:
a: Is an accumulated body of knowledge
7. Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research?
c: Inductive method
8. How much confidence should you place in a single research study?
a: You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings
9. A qualitative research problem statement:
d: Conveys a sense of emerging design
10. Which of the following is a good research question?
d: Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?
11. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to :
d: All of the above
12. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not recommended by:
b: Grounded theory
13. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
14. Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the next phase is known as:
b: Mixed-method research
15. Research hypotheses are:
c: B but not A
16. Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of pragmatism?
c: Mixed-methods research
17. Adopting ethical principles in research means:
a: Avoiding harm to participants
18. A radical perspective on ethics suggests that:
d: Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity
19. Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because:
b: Respondents may fake their identities
20. The Kappa statistic:
b: Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been predicted by chance
PART B: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings?
a: Quantitative research
2. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:
c: An independent variable
3. A study of teaching professionals posits that their performance-related pay increases their motivation which in turn leads to an increase in their job satisfaction. What kind of variable is ‘motivation”’ in this study?
c: Intervening
4. Which correlation is the strongest?
5. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is important not to:
a: Assume causality
6. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?
d: Geographical location of a firm
7. A positive correlation occurs when:
b: Two variables move in the same direction
8. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:
a: The independent variable is manipulated
9. Qualitative research is used in all the following circumstances, EXCEPT:
d: It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
10. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called:
c: The control group
11. Which generally cannot be guaranteed in conducting qualitative studies in the field?
c: Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality
12. Which of the following is not ethical practice in research with humans?
d: Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed
13. What do we call data that are used for a new study but which were collected by an earlier researcher for a different set of research questions?
a: Secondary data
14. When each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called:
c: A random probability sample
15. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample of hospitals?
b: Numbering all the elements of a hospital sampling frame and then using a random number generator to pick hospitals from the table
16. Which of the following statements are true?
b: The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error
17. Which of the following will produce the least sampling error?
d: A large sample based on random sampling
18. When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited to the sample, this is called:
b: Convenience sampling
19. In qualitative research, sampling that involves selecting diverse cases is referred to as:
d: Maximum variation sampling
20. A test accurately indicates an employee’s scores on a future criterion (e.g., conscientiousness). What kind of validity is this?
a: Predictive
PART C: DATA COLLECTION METHODS
1. When designing a questionnaire it is important to do each of the following EXCEPT
d: Use leading questions
2. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that:
c: Interview bias can be avoided
3. Which of the following is true of observations?
b: It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do
4. A researcher secretly becomes an active member of a group in order to observe their behaviour. This researcher is acting as:
c: A covert participant observer
5. All of the following are advantages of structured observation, EXCEPT:
b: The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed
6. When conducting an interview, asking questions such as: "What else? or ‘Could you expand on that?’ are all forms of:
7. Secondary data can include which of the following?
8. An ordinal scale is:
c: A rank-order scale of measurement
9. Which term measures the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer or predict performance in some activity?
c: Criterion-related validity
10. The ‘reliability’of a measure refers to the researcher asking:
a: Does it give consistent results?
11. Interviewing is the favoured approach EXCEPT when:
c: High numbers of respondents are needed
12. Validity in interviews is strengthened by the following EXCEPT:
b: Multiple questions cover the same theme
13. Interview questions should:
c: Be delivered in a neutral tone
14. Active listening skills means:
d: Attentive listening
15. All the following are strengths of focus groups EXCEPT:
d: They help maintain confidentiality
16. Which of the following is not always true about focus groups?
c: Participants should come from diverse backgrounds
17. A disadvantage of using secondary data is that:
a: The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not those of the researcher
18. All of the following are sources of secondary data EXCEPT:
c: The researcher’s research diary
19. Which of the following is not true about visual methods?
b: The have low resource requirements
20. Avoiding naïve empiricism in the interpretation of visual data means:
a: Understanding the context in which they were produced
PART D: ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING
1. Which of the following is incorrect when naming a variable in SPSS?
b: Must end in a full stop
2. Which of the following is not an SPSS Type variable?
3. A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called:
a: A bar chart
4. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:
a: Summarize the characteristics of a data set
5. The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:
c: The standard deviation
6. To compare the performance of a group at time T1 and then at T2, we would use:
d: A paired t-test
7. A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:
c: The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true
8. The significance level
d: Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis
9. To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based on the knowledge of one or more independent variables, we would use
a: Regression analysis
10. In conducting secondary data analysis, researchers should ask themselves all of the following EXCEPT:
c: How can respondents be re-interviewed?
11. Which of the following are not true of reflexivity?
c: It is part of a post-positivist tradition
12. Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the following EXCEPT:
b: Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data
13. Qualitative data analysis programs are useful for each of the following EXCEPT:
d: Generating codes
14. Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and conducted?
b: Design
15. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice?
a: Action research
16. Plagiarism can be avoided by:
b: Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words
17. In preparing for a presentation, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:
b: Ignore your nerves
18. You can create interest in your presentation by:
d: Using metaphors
19. In preparing for a viva or similar oral examination, it is best if you have:
c: Published and referenced your own article(s)
20. Grounded theory coding:
d: Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached
Our website uses cookies to improve your experience. Learn more
Q1. What is the first step in the research process?
A) Data analysis
B) Literature review
C) Hypothesis testing
D) Research design
Answer: B) Literature review
Q2. What is the purpose of a research hypothesis?
A) To summarize the research findings
B) To explain the research methodology
C) To predict the outcome of the research
D) To describe the research participant
Answer: C) To predict the outcome of the research
Q3. What is the purpose of formulating a research problem in operational terms?
a) To narrow down the scope of the problem
b) To make the problem more complex
c) To make the problem less specific
d) To discriminate relevant data from irrelevant ones
Answer: d) To discriminate relevant data from irrelevant ones
Q4. What is the purpose of replicating a research study?
a) To confirm that the hypothesis is incorrect
b) To prove that the study was flawed
c) To support the contention that the hypothesis cannot be rejected
d) To provide an opportunity to alter the hypothesis
Answer: c) To support the contention that the hypothesis cannot be rejected
Q5. The research process is:
a) a system of interrelated activities
b) a linear process with no interdependencies
c) a static process with fixed stages
d) a process that can be skipped or altered without consequences
Answer: a) a system of interrelated activities
Q6. Which stage of the research process involves formulating a hypothesis?
b) Stage II
c) Stage III
d) Stage IV
Answer: b) Stage III
Q7. What is a dependent variable in a research study?
A) A variable that is manipulated by the researcher
B) A variable that is not affected by other variables
C) A variable that is measured or observed in response to the independent variable
D) A variable that is controlled by the research participants
Answer: C) A variable that is measured or observed in response to the independent variable
Q8. What is the purpose of data analysis in the research process?
A)To collect data from research participants
B) To test the research hypothesis
C) To review the existing literature
D) To design the research study
Answer: B) To test the research hypothesis
Q9. What is a random sample?
A) A sample selected based on a specific criterion
B) A sample selected using a random process
C) A sample selected based on convenience
D) A sample selected based on the researcher’s judgment
Answer: B) A sample selected using a random process
Writing a hypothesis is one of the essential elements of a scientific research paper. It needs to be to the point, clearly communicating what your research is trying to accomplish. A blurry, drawn-out, or complexly-structured hypothesis can confuse your readers. Or worse, the editor and peer reviewers.
A captivating hypothesis is not too intricate. This blog will take you through the process so that, by the end of it, you have a better idea of how to convey your research paper's intent in just one sentence.
The first step in your scientific endeavor, a hypothesis, is a strong, concise statement that forms the basis of your research. It is not the same as a thesis statement , which is a brief summary of your research paper .
The sole purpose of a hypothesis is to predict your paper's findings, data, and conclusion. It comes from a place of curiosity and intuition . When you write a hypothesis, you're essentially making an educated guess based on scientific prejudices and evidence, which is further proven or disproven through the scientific method.
The reason for undertaking research is to observe a specific phenomenon. A hypothesis, therefore, lays out what the said phenomenon is. And it does so through two variables, an independent and dependent variable.
The independent variable is the cause behind the observation, while the dependent variable is the effect of the cause. A good example of this is “mixing red and blue forms purple.” In this hypothesis, mixing red and blue is the independent variable as you're combining the two colors at your own will. The formation of purple is the dependent variable as, in this case, it is conditional to the independent variable.
Types of hypotheses
Some would stand by the notion that there are only two types of hypotheses: a Null hypothesis and an Alternative hypothesis. While that may have some truth to it, it would be better to fully distinguish the most common forms as these terms come up so often, which might leave you out of context.
Apart from Null and Alternative, there are Complex, Simple, Directional, Non-Directional, Statistical, and Associative and casual hypotheses. They don't necessarily have to be exclusive, as one hypothesis can tick many boxes, but knowing the distinctions between them will make it easier for you to construct your own.
A null hypothesis proposes no relationship between two variables. Denoted by H 0 , it is a negative statement like “Attending physiotherapy sessions does not affect athletes' on-field performance.” Here, the author claims physiotherapy sessions have no effect on on-field performances. Even if there is, it's only a coincidence.
Considered to be the opposite of a null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis is donated as H1 or Ha. It explicitly states that the dependent variable affects the independent variable. A good alternative hypothesis example is “Attending physiotherapy sessions improves athletes' on-field performance.” or “Water evaporates at 100 °C. ” The alternative hypothesis further branches into directional and non-directional.
A simple hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly two variables. One independent and one dependent. Consider the example, “Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer." The dependent variable, lung cancer, is dependent on the independent variable, smoking.
In contrast to a simple hypothesis, a complex hypothesis implies the relationship between multiple independent and dependent variables. For instance, “Individuals who eat more fruits tend to have higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.” The independent variable is eating more fruits, while the dependent variables are higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.
Associative and casual hypotheses don't exhibit how many variables there will be. They define the relationship between the variables. In an associative hypothesis, changing any one variable, dependent or independent, affects others. In a casual hypothesis, the independent variable directly affects the dependent.
Also referred to as the working hypothesis, an empirical hypothesis claims a theory's validation via experiments and observation. This way, the statement appears justifiable and different from a wild guess.
Say, the hypothesis is “Women who take iron tablets face a lesser risk of anemia than those who take vitamin B12.” This is an example of an empirical hypothesis where the researcher the statement after assessing a group of women who take iron tablets and charting the findings.
The point of a statistical hypothesis is to test an already existing hypothesis by studying a population sample. Hypothesis like “44% of the Indian population belong in the age group of 22-27.” leverage evidence to prove or disprove a particular statement.
Writing a hypothesis is essential as it can make or break your research for you. That includes your chances of getting published in a journal. So when you're designing one, keep an eye out for these pointers:
Outside of academia, hypothesis and prediction are often used interchangeably. In research writing, this is not only confusing but also incorrect. And although a hypothesis and prediction are guesses at their core, there are many differences between them.
A hypothesis is an educated guess or even a testable prediction validated through research. It aims to analyze the gathered evidence and facts to define a relationship between variables and put forth a logical explanation behind the nature of events.
Predictions are assumptions or expected outcomes made without any backing evidence. They are more fictionally inclined regardless of where they originate from.
For this reason, a hypothesis holds much more weight than a prediction. It sticks to the scientific method rather than pure guesswork. "Planets revolve around the Sun." is an example of a hypothesis as it is previous knowledge and observed trends. Additionally, we can test it through the scientific method.
Whereas "COVID-19 will be eradicated by 2030." is a prediction. Even though it results from past trends, we can't prove or disprove it. So, the only way this gets validated is to wait and watch if COVID-19 cases end by 2030.
Quick tips on writing a hypothesis
A hypothesis should instantly address the research question or the problem statement. To do so, you need to ask a question. Understand the constraints of your undertaken research topic and then formulate a simple and topic-centric problem. Only after that can you develop a hypothesis and further test for evidence.
Once you have your research's foundation laid out, it would be best to conduct preliminary research. Go through previous theories, academic papers, data, and experiments before you start curating your research hypothesis. It will give you an idea of your hypothesis's viability or originality.
Making use of references from relevant research papers helps draft a good research hypothesis. SciSpace Discover offers a repository of over 270 million research papers to browse through and gain a deeper understanding of related studies on a particular topic. Additionally, you can use SciSpace Copilot , your AI research assistant, for reading any lengthy research paper and getting a more summarized context of it. A hypothesis can be formed after evaluating many such summarized research papers. Copilot also offers explanations for theories and equations, explains paper in simplified version, allows you to highlight any text in the paper or clip math equations and tables and provides a deeper, clear understanding of what is being said. This can improve the hypothesis by helping you identify potential research gaps.
Variables are an essential part of any reasonable hypothesis. So, identify your independent and dependent variable(s) and form a correlation between them. The ideal way to do this is to write the hypothetical assumption in the ‘if-then' form. If you use this form, make sure that you state the predefined relationship between the variables.
In another way, you can choose to present your hypothesis as a comparison between two variables. Here, you must specify the difference you expect to observe in the results.
Now that everything is in place, it's time to write your hypothesis. For starters, create the first draft. In this version, write what you expect to find from your research.
Clearly separate your independent and dependent variables and the link between them. Don't fixate on syntax at this stage. The goal is to ensure your hypothesis addresses the issue.
After preparing the first draft of your hypothesis, you need to inspect it thoroughly. It should tick all the boxes, like being concise, straightforward, relevant, and accurate. Your final hypothesis has to be well-structured as well.
Research projects are an exciting and crucial part of being a scholar. And once you have your research question, you need a great hypothesis to begin conducting research. Thus, knowing how to write a hypothesis is very important.
Now that you have a firmer grasp on what a good hypothesis constitutes, the different kinds there are, and what process to follow, you will find it much easier to write your hypothesis, which ultimately helps your research.
Now it's easier than ever to streamline your research workflow with SciSpace Discover . Its integrated, comprehensive end-to-end platform for research allows scholars to easily discover, write and publish their research and fosters collaboration.
It includes everything you need, including a repository of over 270 million research papers across disciplines, SEO-optimized summaries and public profiles to show your expertise and experience.
If you found these tips on writing a research hypothesis useful, head over to our blog on Statistical Hypothesis Testing to learn about the top researchers, papers, and institutions in this domain.
1. what is the definition of hypothesis.
According to the Oxford dictionary, a hypothesis is defined as “An idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts, but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct”.
The hypothesis is a statement that proposes a relationship between two or more variables. An example: "If we increase the number of new users who join our platform by 25%, then we will see an increase in revenue."
A null hypothesis is a statement that there is no relationship between two variables. The null hypothesis is written as H0. The null hypothesis states that there is no effect. For example, if you're studying whether or not a particular type of exercise increases strength, your null hypothesis will be "there is no difference in strength between people who exercise and people who don't."
• Fundamental research
• Applied research
• Qualitative research
• Quantitative research
• Mixed research
• Exploratory research
• Longitudinal research
• Cross-sectional research
• Field research
• Laboratory research
• Fixed research
• Flexible research
• Action research
• Policy research
• Classification research
• Comparative research
• Causal research
• Inductive research
• Deductive research
• Your hypothesis should be able to predict the relationship and outcome.
• Avoid wordiness by keeping it simple and brief.
• Your hypothesis should contain observable and testable outcomes.
• Your hypothesis should be relevant to the research question.
• Null hypotheses are used to test the claim that "there is no difference between two groups of data".
• Alternative hypotheses test the claim that "there is a difference between two data groups".
A research question is a broad, open-ended question you will try to answer through your research. A hypothesis is a statement based on prior research or theory that you expect to be true due to your study. Example - Research question: What are the factors that influence the adoption of the new technology? Research hypothesis: There is a positive relationship between age, education and income level with the adoption of the new technology.
The plural of hypothesis is hypotheses. Here's an example of how it would be used in a statement, "Numerous well-considered hypotheses are presented in this part, and they are supported by tables and figures that are well-illustrated."
The red queen hypothesis in evolutionary biology states that species must constantly evolve to avoid extinction because if they don't, they will be outcompeted by other species that are evolving. Leigh Van Valen first proposed it in 1973; since then, it has been tested and substantiated many times.
The father of the null hypothesis is Sir Ronald Fisher. He published a paper in 1925 that introduced the concept of null hypothesis testing, and he was also the first to use the term itself.
You need to find a significant difference between your two populations to reject the null hypothesis. You can determine that by running statistical tests such as an independent sample t-test or a dependent sample t-test. You should reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than 0.05.
Defining the hypothesis, the role of a hypothesis in the scientific method, types of hypotheses, hypothesis formulation, hypotheses and variables.
In sociology, as in other scientific disciplines, the hypothesis serves as a crucial building block for research. It is a central element that directs the inquiry and provides a framework for testing the relationships between social phenomena. This article will explore what a hypothesis is, how it is formulated, and its role within the broader scientific method. By understanding the hypothesis, students of sociology can grasp how sociologists construct and test theories about the social world.
A hypothesis is a specific, testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It acts as a proposed explanation or prediction based on limited evidence, which researchers then test through empirical investigation. In essence, it is a statement that can be supported or refuted by data gathered from observation, experimentation, or other forms of systematic inquiry. The hypothesis typically takes the form of an “if-then” statement: if one variable changes, then another will change in response.
In sociological research, a hypothesis helps to focus the investigation by offering a clear proposition that can be tested. For instance, a sociologist might hypothesize that an increase in education levels leads to a decrease in crime rates. This hypothesis gives the researcher a direction, guiding them to collect data on education and crime, and analyze the relationship between the two variables. By doing so, the hypothesis serves as a tool for making sense of complex social phenomena.
The hypothesis is a key component of the scientific method, which is the systematic process by which sociologists and other scientists investigate the world. The scientific method begins with an observation of the world, followed by the formulation of a question or problem. Based on prior knowledge, theory, or preliminary observations, researchers then develop a hypothesis, which predicts an outcome or proposes a relationship between variables.
Once a hypothesis is established, researchers gather data to test it. If the data supports the hypothesis, it may be used to build a broader theory or to further refine the understanding of the social phenomenon in question. If the data contradicts the hypothesis, researchers may revise their hypothesis or abandon it altogether, depending on the strength of the evidence. In either case, the hypothesis helps to organize the research process, ensuring that it remains focused and methodologically sound.
In sociology, this method is particularly important because the social world is highly complex. Researchers must navigate a vast range of variables—age, gender, class, race, education, and countless others—that interact in unpredictable ways. A well-constructed hypothesis allows sociologists to narrow their focus to a manageable set of variables, making the investigation more precise and efficient.
Sociologists use different types of hypotheses, depending on the nature of their research question and the methods they plan to use. Broadly speaking, hypotheses can be classified into two main types: null hypotheses and alternative (or research) hypotheses.
The null hypothesis, denoted as H0, states that there is no relationship between the variables being studied. It is a default assumption that any observed differences or relationships are due to random chance rather than a real underlying cause. In research, the null hypothesis serves as a point of comparison. Researchers collect data to see if the results allow them to reject the null hypothesis in favor of an alternative explanation.
For example, a sociologist studying the relationship between income and political participation might propose a null hypothesis that income has no effect on political participation. The goal of the research would then be to determine whether this null hypothesis can be rejected based on the data. If the data shows a significant correlation between income and political participation, the null hypothesis would be rejected.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted as H1 or Ha, proposes that there is a significant relationship between the variables. This is the hypothesis that researchers aim to support with their data. In contrast to the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis predicts a specific direction or effect. For example, a researcher might hypothesize that higher levels of education lead to greater political engagement. In this case, the alternative hypothesis is proposing a positive correlation between the two variables.
The alternative hypothesis is the one that guides the research design, as it directs the researcher toward gathering evidence that will either support or refute the predicted relationship. The research process is structured around testing this hypothesis and determining whether the evidence is strong enough to reject the null hypothesis.
The process of formulating a hypothesis is both an art and a science. It requires a deep understanding of the social phenomena under investigation, as well as a clear sense of what is possible to observe and measure. Hypothesis formulation is closely linked to the theoretical framework that guides the research. Sociologists draw on existing theories to generate hypotheses, ensuring that their predictions are grounded in established knowledge.
To formulate a good hypothesis, a researcher must identify the key variables and determine how they are expected to relate to one another. Variables are the factors or characteristics that are being measured in a study. In sociology, these variables often include social attributes such as class, race, gender, age, education, and income, as well as behavioral variables like voting, criminal activity, or social participation.
For example, a sociologist studying the effects of social media on self-esteem might propose the following hypothesis: “Increased time spent on social media leads to lower levels of self-esteem among adolescents.” Here, the independent variable is the time spent on social media, and the dependent variable is the level of self-esteem. The hypothesis predicts a negative relationship between the two variables: as time spent on social media increases, self-esteem decreases.
A strong hypothesis has several key characteristics. It should be clear and specific, meaning that it unambiguously states the relationship between the variables. It should also be testable, meaning that it can be supported or refuted through empirical investigation. Finally, it should be grounded in theory, meaning that it is based on existing knowledge about the social phenomenon in question.
You must be a member to access this content.
View Membership Levels
Mr Edwards has a PhD in sociology and 10 years of experience in sociological knowledge
Sociometry, a term coined by Jacob L. Moreno in the early 20th century, is a quantitative method for measuring social...
A frequency polygon is a graphical representation of the distribution of a dataset. It serves as an essential tool in...
Get the latest sociology.
How would you rate the content on Easy Sociology?
24 hour trending.
Robert merton’s strain theory explained, gender roles: an introduction, the symbolic interactionist view of family.
Easy Sociology makes sociology as easy as possible. Our aim is to make sociology accessible for everybody. © 2023 Easy Sociology
© 2023 Easy Sociology
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which statement about hypotheses is most accurate? A. Hypotheses represent the main idea to be studied and are the foundations of research studies. B. Hypotheses help frame a test of the validity of a theory. C. Hypotheses provide the means to test nursing theory. D. A hypothesis can also be called a problem statement., A nurse ...
Get Hypothesis Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ Quiz) with answers and detailed solutions. Download these Free Hypothesis MCQ Quiz Pdf and prepare for your upcoming exams Like Banking, SSC, Railway, UPSC, State PSC. ... Therefore the research hypothesis should be accepted. So, A and B are correct options here. Download Solution PDF. Share on ...
This set of Probability and Statistics Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on "Testing of Hypothesis". 1. A statement made about a population for testing purpose is called? a) Statistic. b) Hypothesis. c) Level of Significance. d) Test-Statistic. View Answer. 2.
40 MCQ on Research Methodology. Boost your research methodology knowledge with this comprehensive set of 40 multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Test your understanding of key concepts, study designs, data analysis, and ethical considerations in research. ... Q25. A null hypothesis is (A) when there is no difference between the variables (B) the ...
17 Multiple choice questions. Term. A method for testing a claim or hypothesis about a parameter in a population, using data measured in a sample, is called: A) the central limit theorem. B) hypothesis testing. C) significance testing.
a) Research can enable us to understand the cause of disease so we can more effectively determine treatment and prevention. b) Research will eventually allow us to completely and entirely understand every detail and mechanism of the world with absolute certainty. c) Research is exciting and challenging. d) Research is a means by which new ...
Get Types of Hypotheses Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ Quiz) with answers and detailed solutions. ... In scientific research, a hypothesis is generated from a theory and proposes a relationship between variables that can be tested. Theory: Theories provide a broad explanation for patterns observed in nature, and from these patterns, we can ...
Multiple Choice Quizzes. Try these quizzes to test your understanding. 1. A hypothesis is ______. a wished-for result that the researcher concludes the research with. a complicated set of sentences that pulls variables into proposed complex relationships. a conjecture that is grounded in support background originating from secondary research. 2.
The quiz aimed to sharpen your critical thinking skills and reinforce our grasp on essential concepts in the realm of research. By actively participating in this exercise, we deepened your appreciation for the significance of selecting the right research methods to achieve reliable and meaningful results. 1.
Q 6. Research is A. Searching again and again B. Finding solution to any problem C. Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem D. None of the above Q 7. In the process of conducting research 'Formulation of Hypothesis" is followed by A. Statement of Objectives B. Analysis of Data C. Selection of Research Tools
A quantitative statement about a population is called: (a) Research hypothesis (b) Composite hypothesis (c) Simple hypothesis (d) Statistical hypothesis. MCQ 13. A statement that is accepted if the sample data provide sufficient evidence that the null hypothesis is false is called: (a) Simple hypothesis (b) Composite hypothesis (c) Statistical ...
Framing the hypothesis: The first step necessitates setting a null and an alternative hypothesis to establish the grounds of the statistical test. Level of significance: In the next step, we decide the level of significance we're going to use. Commonly, it's 0.05 or 5%, but it can vary depending on the nature of the research.
Multiple Choice Questions. Research: A Way of Thinking. The Research Process: A Quick Glance. Reviewing the Literature. Formulating a Research Problem. Identifying Variables. Constructing Hypotheses. The Research Design. Selecting a Study Design.
a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the solution to a problem. b) It is a systematic, logical and unbiased process wherein verification of hypotheses, data analysis, interpretation and formation of principles can be done. d) It enhances knowledge.
Multiple Choice Questions on Scientific method. 1. Scientific method involves. a) Formulation of hypothesis. b) testing of hypothesis. c) analysis of data and drawing conclusion. d) all of the above. 2. In scientific method, a predictive statement about observation that can be tested scientifically is called.
Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like What is a hypothesis? 1. The square root of the sum of squares of two shorter sides of a triangle. 2. A prediction made to test a theory. 3. A set of ideas that drive an area of research. 4. A reliability measurement. 5. A set of related statements that explains a variety of occurrences, What is the difference between interval ...
Research: D. Hypothesis: Answer» D. Hypothesis discuss. 90. ... (RM) multiple choice questions and answers, Research Methodology (RM) Important MCQs, Solved MCQs for Research Methodology (RM), Research Methodology (RM) MCQs with answers PDF download ...
Multiple Choice Quiz. Take the quiz to test your understanding of the key concepts covered in the chapter. Try testing yourself before you read the chapter to see where your strengths and weaknesses are, then test yourself again once you've read the chapter to see how well you've understood. Tip: Click on each link to expand and view the ...
Multiple Choice Questions on Research Methodology. 1. The method that consists of collection of data through observation and experimentation, formulation and testing of hypothesis is called. a) empirical method. b) scientific method. c) scientific information.
a) To confirm that the hypothesis is incorrect. b) To prove that the study was flawed. c) To support the contention that the hypothesis cannot be rejected. d) To provide an opportunity to alter the hypothesis. Answer: c) To support the contention that the hypothesis cannot be rejected. Q5. The research process is: a) a system of interrelated ...
The research hypothesis is the prediction derived from the theory under test. By rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis, one arrives at the conclusions about the research hypothesis. Important Points Thus. the relationship between the research hypothesis (H 1) and the null hypothesis (H 0) is that, if the null hypothesis (H 0) is rejected ...
Simple hypothesis. A simple hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly two variables. One independent and one dependent. Consider the example, "Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer." The dependent variable, lung cancer, is dependent on the independent variable, smoking. 4.
The null hypothesis, denoted as H0, states that there is no relationship between the variables being studied. It is a default assumption that any observed differences or relationships are due to random chance rather than a real underlying cause. In research, the null hypothesis serves as a point of comparison.