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• What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

Published on January 27, 2023 by Tegan George . Revised on January 12, 2024.

Table of contents

Types of action research, action research models, examples of action research, action research vs. traditional research, advantages and disadvantages of action research, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about action research.

There are 2 common types of action research: participatory action research and practical action research.

• Participatory action research emphasizes that participants should be members of the community being studied, empowering those directly affected by outcomes of said research. In this method, participants are effectively co-researchers, with their lived experiences considered formative to the research process.
• Practical action research focuses more on how research is conducted and is designed to address and solve specific issues.

Both types of action research are more focused on increasing the capacity and ability of future practitioners than contributing to a theoretical body of knowledge.

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Action research is often reflected in 3 action research models: operational (sometimes called technical), collaboration, and critical reflection.

• Operational (or technical) action research is usually visualized like a spiral following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”
• Collaboration action research is more community-based, focused on building a network of similar individuals (e.g., college professors in a given geographic area) and compiling learnings from iterated feedback cycles.
• Critical reflection action research serves to contextualize systemic processes that are already ongoing (e.g., working retroactively to analyze existing school systems by questioning why certain practices were put into place and developed the way they did).

Action research is often used in fields like education because of its iterative and flexible style.

After the information was collected, the students were asked where they thought ramps or other accessibility measures would be best utilized, and the suggestions were sent to school administrators. Example: Practical action research Science teachers at your city’s high school have been witnessing a year-over-year decline in standardized test scores in chemistry. In seeking the source of this issue, they studied how concepts are taught in depth, focusing on the methods, tools, and approaches used by each teacher.

Action research differs sharply from other types of research in that it seeks to produce actionable processes over the course of the research rather than contributing to existing knowledge or drawing conclusions from datasets. In this way, action research is formative , not summative , and is conducted in an ongoing, iterative way.

As such, action research is different in purpose, context, and significance and is a good fit for those seeking to implement systemic change.

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Action research comes with advantages and disadvantages.

• Action research is highly adaptable , allowing researchers to mold their analysis to their individual needs and implement practical individual-level changes.
• Action research provides an immediate and actionable path forward for solving entrenched issues, rather than suggesting complicated, longer-term solutions rooted in complex data.
• Done correctly, action research can be very empowering , informing social change and allowing participants to effect that change in ways meaningful to their communities.

Disadvantages

• Due to their flexibility, action research studies are plagued by very limited generalizability  and are very difficult to replicate . They are often not considered theoretically rigorous due to the power the researcher holds in drawing conclusions.
• Action research can be complicated to structure in an ethical manner . Participants may feel pressured to participate or to participate in a certain way.
• Action research is at high risk for research biases such as selection bias , social desirability bias , or other types of cognitive biases .

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

Action research is conducted in order to solve a particular issue immediately, while case studies are often conducted over a longer period of time and focus more on observing and analyzing a particular ongoing phenomenon.

Action research is focused on solving a problem or informing individual and community-based knowledge in a way that impacts teaching, learning, and other related processes. It is less focused on contributing theoretical input, instead producing actionable input.

Action research is particularly popular with educators as a form of systematic inquiry because it prioritizes reflection and bridges the gap between theory and practice. Educators are able to simultaneously investigate an issue as they solve it, and the method is very iterative and flexible.

A cycle of inquiry is another name for action research . It is usually visualized in a spiral shape following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”

Sources in this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

George, T. (2024, January 12). What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 6, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/action-research/

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research methods in education (8th edition). Routledge.

Naughton, G. M. (2001).  Action research (1st edition). Routledge.

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Writing Action Research or Field Report

Apr 06, 2014

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Writing Action Research or Field Report. Introduction An Example Report APA Style The Title Organization Paragraphs Effective Transitions Strategies for Writing a Conclusion Peer Editing Individual Review Meetings Presentations. The Title.

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Writing Action Research or Field Report • Introduction • An Example Report • APA Style • The Title • Organization • Paragraphs • Effective Transitions • Strategies for Writing a Conclusion • Peer Editing • Individual Review Meetings • Presentations

The Title • Use a subtitle to clarify what the report is about. • Use a reasonably catchy title

An Example Report • Follow the College style requirements (paper size, margin, cover sheets). • Table of contents • Abstract • Chapter 1: Introduction (purpose, importance, assumptions, definitions, research questions) • Chapter 2: Review of the Literature • Chapter 3: Methods (subjects, setting, instrument, data collection procedures) • Chapter 4: Result (include graphs or tables) • Chapter 5: Discussion (including conclusion, recommendation, action plan) • References • Appendices

Organization The key to your report is not brilliance or even inspiration, but organization. • Use of headings and subheadings • Use of outline

The Paragraph • Unity: The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus. If it begins with a certain point of discussion, it should not end with another or wander within different ideas. • Coherence: Create logical or verbal bridges in your paragraphs to be coherent. For example, key words or synonymous words can be repeated in several sentences. • A Topic Sentence: Put your topic sentence near the beginning of the paragraph. • Adequate Development: It usually takes more than 1,2,or 3 sentences to have a fully developed paragraph. • Do not use future tense in Ch. 1 verbs as you did with the proposal. Use past tense in data gathering section.

Effective Transitions • Does your report have a nice flow ( continuity, or progression)? • Use a lead-in sentence to introduce discussion of a new concept . • The end of a paragraph can set up a clear connection to the next paragraph. • One way to create a transition is to repeat a key word or phrase from the preceding paragraph. • Use these transitional words to link complementary ideas : again, in addition, at the same time, in the same way, by the same token, similarly, likewise, hence, as a result, furthermore, moreover, secondly. To link conflicting ideas, use these words: in reality, in truth, on the other hand, on the contrary, nonetheless, however, in contrast.

The Conclusion • Propose a course of action, possible approaches or solutions to the issue raised. • Challenge the reader: Address ideas from a fresh perspective in order to encourage the reader to continue thinking about the topic . • Looking to the future: Raise questions for future study. • Describing the limitations of your study. • Save a provocative or exciting insight or quotation for the conclusion. • Echoing the introduction: Include something from the introduction (e.g. a detail, image, scenario, or example) to bring the report full cycle.

Presentation • Present your field or action research report to the rest of class • You are encouraged to use the Powerpoint to make your presentation • It is more of a celebration than an oral defense. GOOD LUCK !

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WRITING ACTION RESEARCH

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